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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 15 - Military Campaigns And Expansion Abroad > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Military Campaigns And Expansion Abroad Flashcards

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1
Q

Where was Napoleon born?

A

Corsica

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2
Q

What was N’s education?

A

College d’Autun - learned French
Military college of Brienne - 5 years
Ecole Militaire in Paris - 1 year

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3
Q

What was his early career?

A

2nd lieutenant of artillery
Jacobin Club
NG in Corsica
1793 - helped drive British from Toulon
Major -> Adjutant general -> Brigadier general (only 24 atp)

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4
Q

Why was N career briefly threatened?

A

Robespierre’s fall - he made N Commandant of the French army in Italy
As N was close friends with R’s bro - spent time in gaol - spared guillotine

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5
Q

How did N redeem himself?

A

Helped in the Vendemaire rising
(shooting at royalists in Paris)
This made him Commander of the army of the interior + could advise Directory

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6
Q

What was he also made Mar 1796?

A

Commander-in-chief of the army of Italy

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7
Q

Who did he marry?

A

Josephine

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8
Q

Who was in charge of the campaign against Austria in 1796?

A

General Hoche

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9
Q

What was N’s objective in the Italian campaign?

A

To hold back the Austrians in Italy as a diversion

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10
Q

What did N do to transform the French army of Italy?

A

Troops paid in silver (not paper money)
Fed them

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11
Q

Where did he get victories?

A

The Montenotte campaign

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12
Q

What happened Apr 1796?

A

Piedmont-Sardinia withdrew from the War of the First Coalition

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13
Q

Why was this so benefitial?

A

Brought boost to N + Republic
It gave Savoy and Nice + lesser territories to France
Provided supplies, munition + free passage through Piedmont for French troops

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14
Q

What was N bravery well publicised in?

A

When he fought the Austrians at Lordi in May

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15
Q

What did this encourage the Pope and King of Naples to do?

A

Sign rapid treaties with the F
Paying indemnities to avoid potential F takeover

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16
Q

What did N do a lot when his armies went across Italy?

A

Took artworks
He established the first official military division dedicated to the seizure of cultural objects

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17
Q

Where did N advance into?

A

The ‘quadrilateral’ = Mantua, Peschiera, Verona and Legnago

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18
Q

How many did he capture?

A

3

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19
Q

Which one did he struggle to take?

A

Mantua
But won victories at Arcola + Rivoli so it fell

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20
Q

How many armies did the Austrians send against him?

A

4

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21
Q

Where were N forces occupying by May 1797?

A

Venice

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22
Q

What did N establish after the Battle of Lodi?

A

Two client states

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23
Q

What was the first one called?

A

Cispadane Republic
South of Po river

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24
Q

What was the second one called?

A

Transpadane Republic
North of Po river

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25
What happened to these after further victories?
Merged to create Cisalpine Republic 1797
26
Where was the capital?
Milan
27
What did he create in Milan?
A Directory, appointed ministers + set up 2 chamber legislature
28
What else did he also establish?
The Lingurian Republic North-west Italy Also had its own republican constitution + Directory
29
Where did N next advance?
Into the Austrian empire
30
What did N + Count Philipp Von Cobenzl (rep the A monarchy) agree on?
The Treaty of Campo Formio 17 Oct 1797
31
What did it agree on?
- Recognition of F control over former Austrian Netherlands (later Belgium) - A acceptance of Cisalpine + Lingurian Republics, F to recognise A influence over part of the Venetian Republic - Recognition of the F Rhine frontier - F possession of several islands in Mediterranean + Venetian islands in the Adriatic
32
What did the treaty do?
Reshaped the map of Europe to French design Ended War of First Coalition Marked a major step in N fame
33
What did it prove in long term?
Only a break from war No peace with Holy Roman Empire War of Second Coalition in 1799
34
What did N not ask for when doing all of this?
Permission from the Directory
35
Why did N ambitions frighten the Directors?
He showed himself to be a military commander + diplomat + state maker Also created his own image carefully in press releases + propagandist reports Only general to rival him - Hoche - died 1797
36
What was N appointed to do in Oct 1797?
Command an army to carry out an invasion of England
37
Why did he not want to do this?
Hoche’s attempts to invade Ireland abandoned Strength of B navy - F allies + Spain + Bativsn Republic defeated before
38
What did he instead suggest to the Directory?
To invade Egypt
39
What would the expedition do for France?
- Protect F trade interests - Attack B commerce in Mediterranean + possessions in India - Undermine B access to India + East Indies - Distract navy + make invasion possible - Est F presence in ME - Win easy success (area in disorder) - Export Enlightenment to the Egyptians
40
What happened in May + July 1789 in the Egyptian campaign?
May - Expedition to Egypt + Syria begins July - Invasion of Egypt + Battle of Alexandria + Battle of Pyramids
41
What events happened in 1799 in the Egyptian campaign?
Aug - May = Campaign in Lower Egypt Sep = Ottoman Empire declares war on the F Oct = Native uprising in Cairo Feb - Jun = Campaign in Palestine + Syria Mar = Siege of Jaffa Mar - May = Siege of Acre
42
When did the directory agree to the plan?
March 1798
43
Why did the directory not worry about the concerns of its cost and scope?
They wanted N away from Paris
44
How many troops did he take?
35,000 It was the Army of the Orient
45
What country did he take?
Malta
46
When did he reach Egypt?
July
47
What battle were the Egyptians defeated in?
Battle of the pyramids
48
Who won against the French?
Nelson’s British navy squadron Aboukir Bay Cut Napoleon off from France
49
What did N act like when the B blockaded them + there were nationalist uprisings?
Unbothered Acted like an ‘absolute ruler’
50
Where did he intend to go?
Constantinople + India
51
Where did he go instead?
Syria
52
How many were with him?
13,000
53
What did N do when he took Jaffa?
Shot 2,000 prisoners
54
What did he have to abandon?
A siege of Acre - in Palestine (Route between Egypt + Syria)
55
Why was N not able to siege Acre?
Underestimated the resilience of defenders + B to land men and guns to help Turks
56
When was peace maintained in Europe after the Treaty of Campo?
Oct 1797 - Mar 1799
57
How did N anger the Tsar of Russia?
He expelled the Knights of St John from Malta in 1798
58
What did Austria do to take advantage of this?
Made a new coalition against France
59
Who was involved?
Austria Britain Russia Ottoman Empire Portugal German states Italian states
60
What did they do in 1799?
Mounted several invasions
61
Where were the campaigns + invasions?
Italy Switzerland Anglo-Russian invasion of Batavian Republic
62
What reports did N receive in Egypt?
That the Russians and Austrians won victories in Italy and Germany They were on the French borders
63
What did N do after this?
Aug 1799 left armies in Egypt Went back to France with a small group of men
64
What happened when he arrived back in Oct 1799?
Enemies were repelled Russians with drew from coalition
65
What position were the Directory in?
A weak position Had coups and purges internally
66
Did people know about N failures?
No
67
How was N greeted when he went back?
Greeted as a saviour
68
What was N reputation?
Military genius + strategist
69
What were his tactics in strategy?
Moving quickly Small corps mixing infantry, artillery and cavalry (Used to be separate) Moved troops in different directions to deceive the enemy ‘March divided, fight united’ Kept back reserve corps
70
What did N develop the idea of?
A ‘forced march’ In Italian campaign General Augereau’s corps marched 80km in 36 hours
71
What strategy helped with logistics?
‘Living off the land’ Improved speed + take up superior battle positions
72
What tactic did he use to take Mantua?
Made misleading moves
73
How else did N have strong military strength?
His personality: Speeches Bulletins Leading by example Travelling with troops Stayed when food was low
74
What did N make sure his troops had?
Food Money Supplies
75
What was he respected for?
Charm Hard-work - put in 18-20 hours a day
76
What gave him some drive?
His recent marriage to Joesephine
77
Did he have officers from aristocracy or talent?
Talent
78
Why were his soldiers motivated?
They were fighting for a cause they believed they could win Could win promotions if they served well
79
What flaws did he have?
Took risks that could’ve led to disaster Little understanding of naval matters Ignorance to weather + climate - men died needlessly in Egyptian + Syrian campaign
80
Why did his negative traits get overlooked?
They weren’t uncommon for the time
81
What was his greatest characteristic?
His ability to adjust to different circumstances

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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