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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 12 - The Spread Of The Terror > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - The Spread Of The Terror Flashcards

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1
Q

How many victims of the Terror were there between 1792 and 1794?

A

40,000

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2
Q

How many of these were from the guillotine?

A

17,000

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3
Q

What was the guillotine seen as?

A

Was a new ‘humane’ method of execution now a sign of oppression

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4
Q

When was the period of ‘The popular Terror’?

A

Sept - Oct 1793

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5
Q

What law was established in Sept?

A

Law of Suspects

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6
Q

Before Sept how many people had the Tribunal sent to the guillotine?

A

66

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7
Q

How many had they sent 3 months after this?

A

180
(Only in Paris)

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8
Q

What had the desire for killing by the sc been inspired by?

A

The killing of the King
Political agitators - Herbert

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9
Q

What was made in response to the sc pressure?

A

Show trials

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10
Q

Who was first to be tried?

A

Marie Antoinette

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11
Q

What was she accused of?

A

Orgies
Squandering govt money
Conspiracy against int + ext secuity of state
Sharing intelligence with enermy
Incest with her son

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12
Q

Which crime was she not found guilty of?

A

Incest with her son

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13
Q

When was she guillotined?

A

16 Oct

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14
Q

What was the verdict of the 21 expelled Girodin leaders?

A

All condemned to death and guillotined 31 Oct

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15
Q

What was said in a speech from the CPS by Saint -Just 10 Oct?

A

‘The provisional government of France is revolutionary until there is peace’

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16
Q

What was the campaign used across the departements?

A
  • local watch commitees (comites de surveillance)
  • rev armies to stop federalists + counter-rev activities
  • spies + agents from Comittee of General Security
  • > 100 representants-en-mission to pursue rev cause
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17
Q

What happened even though activities were overseen by the CPS?

A

Officials and groups took law into their own hands, some acted with savagery

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18
Q

What were the worst affected areas?

A

Vendee + Toulon + Lyons

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19
Q

What happened in the Vendee?

A

7873 guillotined
2000 mass drownings (some nuns and monks in ‘mock marriages’)

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20
Q

What happened in Toulon?

A

700-800 prisoners shot or slain by bayonet in a massacre on Toulon’s Champ de Mars

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21
Q

What happened in Lyons?

A

Dec grape shot killed 2000
It was so brutal that the Convention ordered they ceased at the end of the month

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22
Q

What did the sc want to do with religion?

A

Close churches
Destroy all religious signs + symbols

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23
Q

When did the Paris Commune made dechristianisation a policy?

A

Oct

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24
Q

What replaced the crosses and religious ornaments that were destroyed and vandalised?

A

Busts of Marat

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25
What other actions were made to dechristianise?
Churches stolen to do 'mock ceremonies' Bells + plates melted for coins or weapons Street names changed Attacks on remaining religious buildings meant they closed Royal tombs secrated + their bones put into a common grave People changed their names to be non-religious
26
What did lots of Clergymen do?
Resigned
27
What was the Notre Dame Cathedral become known as?
'Temple of reason'
28
What was held there?
'Festival of Reason' They worshiped an opera singer on a paper mache mountain holding a torch and they sung hyms
29
Was the festival authorised by the convention?
No
30
Who thought faith could be a valuable ally?
Robespierre
31
Who wanted an completely secular society?
Fouche + Herbert
32
What decree reinstated toleration on religion?
'liberty of cults'
33
How many priests had already been forced to renounce their positions?
20,000
34
What was the situation by the end of 1793?
Federalist revolt under control + war + economy (due to good harvest)
35
Why were new laws put in place to strengthen the positions of the CPS + CGS?
Robespierre + Montagnards thought F needed more ordered system of govt It could control activities of sc who wanted more power + property - this didn't help keeping support from big taxpayers + disruption from dechristianisation
36
What did The Law of 14 Frimaire II do?
Gave CPS centralised power Departments only reposible for tax collection + public works Armees revolutionaires disbanded Popular societies + patriotic committees closed down
37
What did the law also do?
Destroyed sc influence by removing their most important channels for activity
38
What did the 2 laws of Ventose do?
Promised patriots a share of property + land seized from counter-revs (but was carried out with little enthusiasm or ignored)
39
Who were the two extremists?
- Herbert - complained R setting up a dictatorship + called for sc to rise against 'those who oppress us' - Danton +Desmoulins - popular, suggested it was time for the Terror to be scaled back
40
What did R argue there needed to be be for a 'Republic of Virtue'?
Self-sacrifice
41
Who were declared publicly evil by Saint-Just?
Herbertists + Indulgents
42
What made the Herbertists arrested and executed?
Rumours of a plot to massacre members of the NC
43
When were the Indulgents then arrested?
30 March
44
When were Danton and Desmoulins guillotined?
5 April
45
What did the removal of extremist mean?
Growing splits in the CPS and Convention
46
What did members of the 'Plain' in the Conv favour?
Reduction of Terror (But didn't want to be labelled as Indulgents)
47
What were R, Couthon + S-J known as?
A 'Triumvirate'
48
What did R do to rid the country of corruption?
1000 guillotined Prisons cleansed of refractory priests, nobles, men + women who couldn't meet R moral standards
49
What did R announce in mar 1794?
New series of festivals celebrating Republican virtues
50
What was he trying to make them be rather than Athiest?
Deist (with a belief in the existence in God)
51
What was R new State religion called?
The cult of the Supreme Being
52
What was shown in the festival of the Supreme Being?
Dancing Parade Speech on Republican virtues Statue of Atheism burned to show wisdom Liberty tree Statue of Hercules
53
How was the war going in 1794?
Well as they were winning most wars
54
What started the intensifying of the Terror?
The Law of 22 Prairial
55
What did the Lof22P do overall?
Made convictions easier by simplifying judicial process
56
What was outlined in Lof22P?
- 'enemies of the people' put in front of Parisian Rev Tribunal - Citizens denounce any suspects - Trials no longer than 3 days - No witness or defence, juries judge on accusation and accused defence - 2 verdicts = acquittal or death - Convention's deputies immunity from prosecution disappeared
57
What months were the Great Terror?
Jun - Jul 1794
58
How many death sentences and acquittals were there in this time?
DS = 1284 A = 278
59
Why was this phase of the Terror more classed based?
Excutions: Nobles = 35% Clergy = 25% Bourgeoisie = 40%
60
What other measures were looked at by R?
Maximum wage set - angered workers Rise in price of bread as farmers planted less
61
Why was the CGS hostile?
Still subordinate to CPS Weren't consulted over Lof22P R + S-J set up separate surveillance and police network to hunt for counter-revs (job of CGS)
62
Why was the CPS hostile?
S-J argued with Carnot about military tactics S-J annoyed not being involved with Lof22P Deputies scared R turning into dictator
63
Why was the local govt breaking down?
Overload of work + atmosphere of fear
64
Who disagreed with the Cult of Supreme Being?
Catholic Priests + Athiests
65
What is Thermidor?
July
66
What did R stop doing in July?
Attending CPS meetings
67
Why did he say he couldn't attend?
He said he needed time to think
68
What did this make people?
More suspicious Deputies carried pistols and employed bodyguards + spies
69
What happened 8 Thermidor? (26 Jul)
R gave last speech to NC accusing people in govt of conspiring against 'public liberty' and suggested for more purges but refused to mention the names who he was accusing
70
What happened 9 Thermidor? (27 Jul)
S-J wanted to say a speech but accusations and 'Down with the tyrant' chants interrupted him A decree to arrest R + his bro, S-J, Couthon, Le Bas and were taken to separate prisons for the night
71
What fraction of people responded in the sections to defend R?
1/3
72
What did the Commune manage to do?
Liberate R + other deputies
73
What was then sent by the Convention?
A force to retake them
74
What happened in the room they were found?
- Le Bas = shot himself + died - A's bro = out the window + broke leg - Couthon = in wheelchair down stairs + survived - R = shot through jaw - S-J = taken without resistance
75
What happened 10 Thermidor? (28 Jul)
R + 22 associates found guilty All apart from Le Bas went to guillotine that day
76
In total how many Commune members lost their lives?
87/95

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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