Chapter 18 - Social Change

Question 1

What did N mean by ‘open to talents’?

Answer 1

Promised men + women could advance themselves by their own merit

Question 2

What was an example of this?

Answer 2

General Augereau
Son of Parisian fruit seller
Became Marshal of France

Question 3

Why was this also limited?

Answer 3

In lower ranks of society hard outside of military to advance
Only interested in educated + wealthy

Question 4

Why did N like hierarchies?

Answer 4

Own military background
Gave people something to aspire to
Rewards for loyalty were effective

Question 5

What was the Legion of honour?

Answer 5

1802 reward those who had shown their loyalty

Question 6

Who did it mostly go to?

Answer 6

Those in military - 32,000
Only 1,500 to civilians

Question 7

What was N role?

Answer 7

The grand master of the order

Question 8

What were some of the hierarchically called?

Answer 8

Grand master
Grand officers
Cohorts
5 classes = knights, eagle

Question 9

What did recipients get from the Legion of Honour?

Answer 9

Small annual salary
Wear star of the order - had N head + motto ‘Honneur et Patrie’

Question 10

What was introduced in 1805?

Answer 10

Wearing a sash + silver star with eagle

Question 11

What did people get called with the award from 1808?

Answer 11

Knight if the Empire
Hereditary after 3 generations of recipients

Question 12

How many women received the LofH?

Answer 12

3
One for being in army but pretending to be a man

Question 13

What did N give his family when he became Emperor?

Answer 13

Princely titles

Question 14

What titles were created in 1806?

Answer 14

Ducal titles
‘Marshals of France’

Question 15

Who was included in the ‘imperial nobility’ in an Imperial decree 1808?

Answer 15

Counts
Barons
Knights

Question 16

What percentage of titles went to military men?

Answer 16

59%

Question 17

Where were given with titles also?

Answer 17

Gifts of estates + pensions
Larger income
Became hereditary

Question 18

What did N change for education in 1802?

Answer 18

École populäre in each commune
Lycées for boys 10-16

Question 19

What did he also allow?

Answer 19

Private + Church-run schools to exist alongside as long as obedience was taught

Question 20

What were the boys in lycées divided up by?

Answer 20

Civil careers - learn languages + philosophy
Military - maths + science
Both guaranteed employment

Question 21

Who did the lycées attract?

Answer 21

Property owning classes + military elite

Question 22

Out of the 6400 places available how many went to the sons of civil servants + soldiers?

Answer 22

2400

Question 23

What did some people prefer to send their children to?

Answer 23

Collèges or Instituts
More relaxed but higher fees

Question 24

What was the role of the Imperial university?

Answer 24

Acted as a supervisory institution so that all education confirmed to certain standards

Question 25

What else were they responsible for?

Answer 25

Teacher training Setting up new schools Curriculum Inspections + school reports

Question 26

By 1812 what fraction of people in lycee + colleges were priests or ex-priests?

Answer 26

1/3

Question 27

What was N view of women?

Answer 27

Destined for marriage Made for raising children

Question 28

What level of education did he say was sufficient for women?

Answer 28

Primary

Question 29

What measures partially increased woman’s rights?

Answer 29

Civil Code 1804 - women had more control of their own property when they married Could possess ‘immovable’ goods but if wanting to sell had to pay 1/3 to joint asset pool

Question 30

What was still unfair for women?

Answer 30

Unable to accept inheritance or legacy without husbands authority Divorce - men had to bring mistress home for divorce If women adulter = 3 month gaol

Question 31

What did N change with divorce law?

Answer 31

Could be mutual consent Many restrictions e.g age + parents of couple + children also had to give consent

Question 32

What else did N restrict?

Answer 32

Newspapers Other publications

Question 33

How many newspapers were there?

Answer 33

1800 - 73, 13 1801 - 9, 4

Question 34

Who supervised the newspapers?

Answer 34

The police

Question 35

What weren’t the newspapers allowed to discuss?

Answer 35

Controversial subjects Only official news + bulletins by N

Question 36

What was the govts own paper called?

Answer 36

Le Moniteur

Question 37

How many publishing houses were there after the decree in 1808?

Answer 37

From 200 to 60

Question 38

What did the 60 publishing houses have to get from the police?

Answer 38

Licenses

Question 39

What did the police also have the power to do?

Answer 39

Search them Seize books Fine 3000 francs for having illegal works

Question 40

What was made in 1810 for publishing houses?

Answer 40

A new censorship board

Question 41

What were official reports also made on?

Answer 41

Plays Lectures Posters

Question 42

What happened to playwrights + authors + theatres?

Answer 42

Fled abroad or closed down

Question 43

What was the image that N put in his propaganda?

Answer 43

Self glorification ‘’Myth of the saviour’ Portrayed as the man bringing order out the chaos

Question 44

What were the military bulletins for?

Answer 44

To boost morale of the army Dishearten enemy

Question 45

What did N link his empire to?

Answer 45

Classical times Kingdom of Charlemagne + the Franks

Question 46

Who did N make responsible for his paintings?

Answer 46

Jacques-Louis David Painted Imperial coronation

Question 47

What was the symbol of the Grande Armée?

Answer 47

The Eagle

Question 48

What did N rebuild in a programme?

Answer 48

Roads Abattoirs Markets Water supply Fountains Buildings

Question 49

What buildings were built to help glorify the regime?

Answer 49

Arc du Carosel Arc de Triumphe Vendôme Column La Madeleine

Question 50

What would reconciliation of the church help the policies of?

Answer 50

Amalgame Ralliement

Question 51

What was a benefit of N being civil with priests?

Answer 51

Their teachings could encourage acceptance + obedience Help preserve social order

Question 52

What did N decree in 1800?

Answer 52

Churches open everyday of the week Sunday is the day of rest

Question 53

What was in the Concordat 1801?

Answer 53

Pope = head of Catholic Church Catholicism = religion of majority Catholic worship freely available Pope recognised new regime + didn’t take back land Bishops + Clergy nominated by First Consul + paid as civil servants + take oath of loyalty

Question 54

What was published with the Concordat?

Answer 54

‘Organic Articles’ Govt approval before any Papal legate Religious toleration to Protestants + Jews

Question 55

What was N horrified by?

Answer 55

Treatment of Jews in Terror Had to wear yellow armbands in ghetto Excluded from business

Question 56

What did the concordat help N win over?

Answer 56

Uncertain royalists People with Biens nationaux Helped spread propaganda

Question 57

What happened after the concordat?

Answer 57

Refractory priests came out of hiding Churches reopened Rev calendar abandoned

Question 58

Why did N relationship with the Pope slowly deteriorate?

Answer 58

F ambitions in Italy He was humiliated at N coronation He was ignored when N released new beliefs of the church to schools (catechism)

Question 59

What did N call himself?

Answer 59

God’s power + ‘image on earth’

Question 60

What happened 2 years later?

Answer 60

1808 F occupied Rome Imprisoned the Pope

Question 61

What did N force the Pope to sign?

Answer 61

Concordat of Fontaineau - but never put into effect