Chapter 11 - The Progress Of The War

Question 1

What did the sc demand?

Answer 1

People be given the right to ‘rise up’
Retribution on the military generals that had betrayed people’s trust

Question 2

What had the pressures led to?

Answer 2

Levee en masse

Question 3

Who proposed this?

Answer 3

Bertrand Barere
For CPS
23 Aug 1793

Question 4

What did the Levee en masse order?

Answer 4

‘all French people are on permanent requisition for the services of the armies’

Question 5

What was the Levee en masse?

Answer 5

An order forcing everyone to participate in the war effort

Question 6

What did widowers and bachelored men have to do?

Answer 6

Immediate military service

Question 7

What did married men have to do?

Answer 7

Forge weapons and transport supplies

Question 8

What did women have to do?

Answer 8

Make tents and serve in hospitals

Question 9

What did children have to do?

Answer 9

Shred old linen for lint

Question 10

What did the old have to do?

Answer 10

Excite the courage of warriors
Preach hatred of kings and the unity of the republic

Question 11

Why did they only call up young men to fight?

Answer 11

They were more in need of weapons and supplies than of fighters

Question 12

What did the three men responsible for the legislation create?

Answer 12

A commission of technicians and scientists

Question 13

What other development did they also support?

Answer 13

The Telegraph to carry dispatches
Balloonists to observe the enemy

Question 14

What did a new manufacturing process increase?

Answer 14

Supply of gunpowder
Manuals were issued to show workshops and factories how to manufacture steel

Question 15

Who was responsible for this new reorganising of Frances naval defences?

Answer 15

Sant-Andre
Former Protestant pastor

Question 16

How many men were in arms by 1794?

Answer 16

Over 1 million

Question 17

How many armies were well-trained and supplied?

Answer 17

14

Question 18

What did the representants-en-mission start increasing?

Answer 18

Made sure morale was up and generals stayed loyal

Question 19

What became political crimes?

Answer 19

Military defeat
Failure to follow through victory

Question 20

What did Carnot and Saint-just do?

Answer 20

Replaced aristocratic generals with new younger commanders who were committed to the rev

Question 21

What was the white (inherited AR) uniform replaced with?

Answer 21

Blue uniform (previously worn by volunteers)

Question 22

What happened overall when Carnot took over the organisation?

Answer 22

The situation gradually began to improve

Question 23

What victories gave a psychological boost to the country?

Answer 23

Battle of Wattignies
Three Austrian regiments destroyed
Invaders from the Pyrenees + Alps pushed back
Internal counter-rev + federalist revolts crushed

Question 24

What did the CPS say in the Oct?

Answer 24

‘the cowardly satellites of tyranny have fled before you’

Question 25

What development of war happened Aug 1793?

Answer 25

Austro-Prussian forces beseige Landau Republican forces beseige Lyons French win victory at Furnes Seige of Dunkirk Rebels crushed in Marseilles Rebels invite British into Toulon

Question 26

What development of war happened Sept 1793?

Answer 26

French win Battle of Hondschoote Seige of Dunkirk lifted Spain win Battle of Trouillas

Question 27

What development of war happened Oct 1793?

Answer 27

Lyons surrenders to Republicans The AP Army pushes French to Rhine French win at Wattignies Republicans beat rebels at Cholet Marseilles recaptured by Republican troops

Question 28

What development of war happened Nov 1793?

Answer 28

French defeat P at Kaiserslauten

Question 29

What development of war happened Dec 1793?

Answer 29

Vendeean rebels defeated at Le Mans Republican forces enter Toulon French defeat A at Worth Vendeean rebels defeated at Battle of Savenay French take back Weissenburg lines + Rhine Alsace taken Siege of Landau raised

Question 30

What was the next period of time called?

Answer 30

The Terror

Question 31

What collapsed after the expulsion of the leading Girondins?

Answer 31

'moderate' faction in NC collapsed Montagnards + Robespierre dominated govt

Question 32

Were the discussions by the CPS more public or private now?

Answer 32

Private

Question 33

Who's orders could the CPS suspend if they felt them to be 'contrary to public interest'?

Answer 33

The Executive Council

Question 34

What percentage of the CPS had to vote for something for it to be carried out by the Executive Council?

Answer 34

2/3rds

Question 35

What did the CPS also assume authority over?

Answer 35

CGS (Committee of General Security)

Question 36

Who else did they supervise?

Answer 36

Other special committees + groups Representants-en-mission

Question 37

How many members were in the CPS?

Answer 37

12 Initially 9

Question 38

How regularly were they supposed to change?

Answer 38

Once a month They decided to keep their positions in Sept

Question 39

Who did the members include?

Answer 39

Robespierre, Saint-Just, Couthon, Carnot

Question 40

Who did they report to weekly?

Answer 40

The Convention

Question 41

Did the Convention have as much control as the CPS?

Answer 41

No the finances were still invested helping the CPS

Question 42

What time period did the CPS rule unchallenged?

Answer 42

Sept 1793 - July 1794

Question 43

Why would they meet at night?

Answer 43

It was when the work of the Conv + Jacobin club was done

Question 44

Why was it called the 'Terror'?

Answer 44

Its intense + ruthless campaign to destroy all counter-revs

Question 45

How did the Montagnards try to remove the 'moderate' voice of the Girondins?

Answer 45

'Sell themselves' to the sc

Question 46

Who wasn't fully comfortable about this?

Answer 46

Robespierre

Question 47

Why was there constant rioting in the capital?

Answer 47

Grain shortages + unemployment

Question 48

Why did people become angrier after 13 July?

Answer 48

Radical journalist Marat was murdered by a Girondin (Charlotte Corday)

Question 49

What did the sc demand?

Answer 49

All 'suspects' be arrested

Question 50

What did the CPS circulate copies of?

Answer 50

A painting of Marat in a pose reminisent of the dead Christ in the Tomb

Question 51

What was the message of this?

Answer 51

Marat was a martyr to the rev

Question 52

What did the sc do 5 Sept?

Answer 52

Marched on the Conv

Question 53

What did they demand?

Answer 53

Lower bread prices Higher wages Attack on those oppressing the people

Question 54

What did they do to address this?

Answer 54

Promised action against grain-hoarders + counter-revs Allowed 2 activists to join the CPS

Question 55

What were the names of the two men?

Answer 55

Varenne + Herbois

Question 56

What new legislation was created 9 Sept?

Answer 56

sc paramilitary forces (armees revolutionaires) to force farmers to surrender grain + attack hoarders They were placed under military command

Question 57

What new legislation was created 17 Sept?

Answer 57

The Law of suspects = 'suspect' could be arrested for their conduct, relationships, words or writings

Question 58

Who were most suspected?

Answer 58

Nobles Relatives of emigres Officers Hoarders

Question 59

What was also made for the LofS?

Answer 59

Revolutionary Tribunal The comites de sureillance

Question 60

What new legislation was created 29 Sept?

Answer 60

The New Law of the General Maximum = replaced law of May, laid down maximum price for grain, flour, meat, oil, onions, soap, firewood It imposed wage regulations

Question 61

What did Danton first say?

Answer 61

'Let us be terrible in order to stop the people from being so'

Question 62

What was uttered on 5 Sept by an unknown Jacobin deputy?

Answer 62

'to place terror on the order of the day'