Chapter 21 - The Army And Conquest During The Consulate And Empire

Question 1

How had the Second Coalition been weakened?

Answer 1

Russian withdrawal at Zurich

Question 2

What countries were still against N?

Answer 2

Austria, Prussia, Britain

Question 3

What did N decide to do in 1800?

Answer 3

Mount a ‘surprise ‘ attack against the Russians
He led 50,000 men through Swiss Alps
Took longer than expected + Austrians were waiting for him
We’re outnumbered + exhausted
Reserve troops enabled F to win

Question 4

In November what did the F do?

Answer 4

Sent another troop
Won at Hohenliden

Question 5

What were the Austrians forced to sign?

Answer 5

Treaty of Lunéville
F allowed to keep former gains
Got Italy + Dalmatian coast

Question 6

What was agreed in 1802 to stop war with B?

Answer 6

Peace of Amiens

Question 7

What did the Peace of Amiens say?

Answer 7

F agreed to leave United Provinces, Naples + Papal States if B:
All overseas territories by B returned to F
Minorca to Spain
Cape Colony to Dutch
Egypt to Turks
Malta to knights of St John
B could keep Trinidad + Sri Lanka

Question 8

Why did the peace not last?

Answer 8

Neither side honoured its terms
N stayed in United Provinces
B stayed in Malta

Question 9

What did B declare in 1803?

Answer 9

War again

Question 10

Why did N abandon his plan of invading B?

Answer 10

New threat from Austria
B navy too strong

Question 11

What was the Battle of Trafalgar?

Answer 11

Nelson’s fleet trapped F + Spanish in Cape Trafalgar
They lost 22 ships, B none
Stopped them invading

Question 12

What did N create in preparation for this?

Answer 12

‘Army of England’
193,000 men + 9149 horses

Question 13

What did B prime minister Pitt finance in 1804?

Answer 13

Third coalition
With Russia - 1805
Then Austria - 1805

Question 14

What did N do Oct 1805?

Answer 14

Defeated Austrians at Ulm
Captured 50,000 troops
Minimal F losses

Question 15

What did N do dec 1805?

Answer 15

Austerlitz
Ended Austrians part in coalition
Forced Russians to retreat

Question 16

What did N create jul 1806?

Answer 16

‘Confederation of the Rhine’
Consolidated control in Germany after victories
Extended to other places
Prussians joined coalition

Question 17

What did further defeats do?

Answer 17

Led Prussians + Russians to seek peace

Question 18

What did N do Oct 1806?

Answer 18

Prussians beat at Jena + Austerstadt
N entered Berlin

Question 19

What brought total withdrawal of Russian troops in 1807?

Answer 19

Battle at Eylau + Friedland

Question 20

What had N accomplished from all of this?

Answer 20

Broke 3rd coalition
Occupied Vienna, Berlin, Warsaw
Made peace with Tsar Alexander I - Peace of Tilsit

Question 21

What did the Treaty of Tilsit include?

Answer 21

Prussia gives up share of Poland - made Grand Duchy of Warsaw
F army occupied until 120 million francs paid
Russia joined continental system

Question 22

What broke diplomatic relations with the F + Papacy?

Answer 22

Occupation of Rome, Papal provinces of Ancona, Macerata, Fermo + Urbino

Question 23

What did these annexations do?

Answer 23

Strengthened continental system
Showed power with Emperor now not Papacy

Question 24

I’m 1809 where did N issue two decrees?

Answer 24

Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna

Question 25

What were the decrees about?

Answer 25

Confirmed that territories that were still under the direct control of the Papal State are to be annexed by French Empire

Question 26

What did the Pope do?

Answer 26

Excommunicated N Even though he gave the Pope 2 mil francs in place

Question 27

Where was the Pope moved to?

Answer 27

Grenoble, then Sabina to be confined Returned to Rome 1814

Question 28

What was a successor of the rev armies?

Answer 28

N Grande Armée

Question 29

What had improved in the army during the rev years?

Answer 29

More professional Promotion by merit More training + education Advances in weaponry - lighter field artillery

Question 30

What had changed in who could be in the army?

Answer 30

No longer volunteers Now conscription

Question 31

Who could N call on for conscription?

Answer 31

France - largest pop in Europe Satellite states

Question 32

What propaganda encouraged them to fight?

Answer 32

Fighting for ‘La Partrie’ + ‘liberty and equality’

Question 33

What was amalgame?

Answer 33

Carnot advocated it Meant new recruits fought alongside veterans

Question 34

What were corps?

Answer 34

Groups of soldiers used for battle strategy N studied them

Question 35

Who did N study military organisation from?

Answer 35

Guibert + Bourcet

Question 36

What did the corps do rather than waiting for lines of baggage carts?

Answer 36

Lived off the land

Question 37

What advantage did N have in being a military leader for France?

Answer 37

Studied warfare Head of state and head of govt - could get whatever resources he needed

Question 38

What other qualities did he have to make him a good leader?

Answer 38

Confidence - going into battle Charismatic - addressed men directly

Question 39

What did he do to encourage his men?

Answer 39

Reported victories in bulletins Gave them rewards for their efforts - extra rations

Question 40

What were the weaknesses of France’s enemies?

Answer 40

Generals appointed for who they were not ability Soldiers hearts not in the cause Commanders ‘fought by the book’ Used supply wagons + static formations Never United in their coalitions - N took advantage of this

Question 41

Why did the empire expand?

Answer 41

Due to military success

Question 42

What had these incorporated territories been called?

Answer 42

Pays réunis

Question 43

Who were the pays réunis treated differently from?

Answer 43

Pays conquis - conquered territories Pays alliés - allied territories - also called satellite states

Question 44

What was N reasons for expansion?

Answer 44

Wanted to create a ‘common fatherland’ Saw it as spreading enlightenment and getting rid of feudalism

Question 45

Who did he compare himself to?

Answer 45

Alexander the Great Justinian Caesar Charlemagne

Question 46

What did N act as?

Answer 46

Like the royal families of Europe Created a dynasty

Question 47

What were examples of his family being given parts of the empire!

Answer 47

Bro Joseph = King of Naples 1808 then Spain Sis Caroline = married marshal Murat = King of Naples Bro Louis = King of Holland Bro Jérôme = King of Westphalia

Question 48

What were valuable things about the empire?

Answer 48

Mark of prestige - enhanced F pride Helped income + materials + forced loans Seized land could be dotations + new titles made Helped provide men for army Increased talent pool Helped spread enlightenment Unified people of europe

Question 49

What were the problems of the empire?

Answer 49

Costly when trying to recover from rev Administration outstripped revenue Impossible to ensure loyalty - N’s siblings Needed more army for more land Scholarships to others reduced amount for F Resentment towards F of tax + conscription + blockade - made uprisings Imposed alien culture