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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 21 - The Army And Conquest During The Consulate And Empire > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - The Army And Conquest During The Consulate And Empire Flashcards

1
Q

How had the Second Coalition been weakened?

A

Russian withdrawal at Zurich

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2
Q

What countries were still against N?

A

Austria, Prussia, Britain

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3
Q

What did N decide to do in 1800?

A

Mount a ‘surprise ‘ attack against the Russians
He led 50,000 men through Swiss Alps
Took longer than expected + Austrians were waiting for him
We’re outnumbered + exhausted
Reserve troops enabled F to win

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4
Q

In November what did the F do?

A

Sent another troop
Won at Hohenliden

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5
Q

What were the Austrians forced to sign?

A

Treaty of Lunéville
F allowed to keep former gains
Got Italy + Dalmatian coast

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6
Q

What was agreed in 1802 to stop war with B?

A

Peace of Amiens

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7
Q

What did the Peace of Amiens say?

A

F agreed to leave United Provinces, Naples + Papal States if B:
All overseas territories by B returned to F
Minorca to Spain
Cape Colony to Dutch
Egypt to Turks
Malta to knights of St John
B could keep Trinidad + Sri Lanka

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8
Q

Why did the peace not last?

A

Neither side honoured its terms
N stayed in United Provinces
B stayed in Malta

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9
Q

What did B declare in 1803?

A

War again

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10
Q

Why did N abandon his plan of invading B?

A

New threat from Austria
B navy too strong

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11
Q

What was the Battle of Trafalgar?

A

Nelson’s fleet trapped F + Spanish in Cape Trafalgar
They lost 22 ships, B none
Stopped them invading

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12
Q

What did N create in preparation for this?

A

‘Army of England’
193,000 men + 9149 horses

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13
Q

What did B prime minister Pitt finance in 1804?

A

Third coalition
With Russia - 1805
Then Austria - 1805

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14
Q

What did N do Oct 1805?

A

Defeated Austrians at Ulm
Captured 50,000 troops
Minimal F losses

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15
Q

What did N do dec 1805?

A

Austerlitz
Ended Austrians part in coalition
Forced Russians to retreat

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16
Q

What did N create jul 1806?

A

‘Confederation of the Rhine’
Consolidated control in Germany after victories
Extended to other places
Prussians joined coalition

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17
Q

What did further defeats do?

A

Led Prussians + Russians to seek peace

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18
Q

What did N do Oct 1806?

A

Prussians beat at Jena + Austerstadt
N entered Berlin

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19
Q

What brought total withdrawal of Russian troops in 1807?

A

Battle at Eylau + Friedland

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20
Q

What had N accomplished from all of this?

A

Broke 3rd coalition
Occupied Vienna, Berlin, Warsaw
Made peace with Tsar Alexander I - Peace of Tilsit

21
Q

What did the Treaty of Tilsit include?

A

Prussia gives up share of Poland - made Grand Duchy of Warsaw
F army occupied until 120 million francs paid
Russia joined continental system

22
Q

What broke diplomatic relations with the F + Papacy?

A

Occupation of Rome, Papal provinces of Ancona, Macerata, Fermo + Urbino

23
Q

What did these annexations do?

A

Strengthened continental system
Showed power with Emperor now not Papacy

24
Q

I’m 1809 where did N issue two decrees?

A

Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna

25
Q

What were the decrees about?

A

Confirmed that territories that were still under the direct control of the Papal State are to be annexed by French Empire

26
Q

What did the Pope do?

A

Excommunicated N
Even though he gave the Pope 2 mil francs in place

27
Q

Where was the Pope moved to?

A

Grenoble, then Sabina to be confined
Returned to Rome 1814

28
Q

What was a successor of the rev armies?

A

N Grande Armée

29
Q

What had improved in the army during the rev years?

A

More professional
Promotion by merit
More training + education
Advances in weaponry - lighter field artillery

30
Q

What had changed in who could be in the army?

A

No longer volunteers
Now conscription

31
Q

Who could N call on for conscription?

A

France - largest pop in Europe
Satellite states

32
Q

What propaganda encouraged them to fight?

A

Fighting for ‘La Partrie’ + ‘liberty and equality’

33
Q

What was amalgame?

A

Carnot advocated it
Meant new recruits fought alongside veterans

34
Q

What were corps?

A

Groups of soldiers used for battle strategy
N studied them

35
Q

Who did N study military organisation from?

A

Guibert + Bourcet

36
Q

What did the corps do rather than waiting for lines of baggage carts?

A

Lived off the land

37
Q

What advantage did N have in being a military leader for France?

A

Studied warfare
Head of state and head of govt - could get whatever resources he needed

38
Q

What other qualities did he have to make him a good leader?

A

Confidence - going into battle
Charismatic - addressed men directly

39
Q

What did he do to encourage his men?

A

Reported victories in bulletins
Gave them rewards for their efforts - extra rations

40
Q

What were the weaknesses of France’s enemies?

A

Generals appointed for who they were not ability
Soldiers hearts not in the cause
Commanders ‘fought by the book’
Used supply wagons + static formations
Never United in their coalitions - N took advantage of this

41
Q

Why did the empire expand?

A

Due to military success

42
Q

What had these incorporated territories been called?

A

Pays réunis

43
Q

Who were the pays réunis treated differently from?

A

Pays conquis - conquered territories
Pays alliés - allied territories - also called satellite states

44
Q

What was N reasons for expansion?

A

Wanted to create a ‘common fatherland’
Saw it as spreading enlightenment and getting rid of feudalism

45
Q

Who did he compare himself to?

A

Alexander the Great
Justinian
Caesar
Charlemagne

46
Q

What did N act as?

A

Like the royal families of Europe
Created a dynasty

47
Q

What were examples of his family being given parts of the empire!

A

Bro Joseph = King of Naples 1808 then Spain
Sis Caroline = married marshal Murat = King of Naples
Bro Louis = King of Holland
Bro Jérôme = King of Westphalia

48
Q

What were valuable things about the empire?

A

Mark of prestige - enhanced F pride
Helped income + materials + forced loans
Seized land could be dotations + new titles made
Helped provide men for army
Increased talent pool
Helped spread enlightenment
Unified people of europe

49
Q

What were the problems of the empire?

A

Costly when trying to recover from rev
Administration outstripped revenue
Impossible to ensure loyalty - N’s siblings
Needed more army for more land
Scholarships to others reduced amount for F
Resentment towards F of tax + conscription + blockade - made uprisings
Imposed alien culture

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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