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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 6 - The Attempts To Establish A Constitutional Monarchy > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Attempts To Establish A Constitutional Monarchy Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What did the NA set to make between 1789-1791?

A

A new constitution

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2
Q

What was the first thing the assembly wanted to change?

A

The church

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3
Q

What made it the obvious thing to change?

A

It’s association with the AR
Privileges with the first estate

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4
Q

What did the writer Louis-Sébastien Mercier complain?

A

Paris was ‘full of priests and tonsured clerics who serve neither the Church nor the state’

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5
Q

Who were seen as ‘wasters’?

A

Nuns and monks
Contributed little to the community

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6
Q

Who disapproved of binding religious vows?

A

Philosophes
They were taken by those who barely mature enough to understand their full meaning

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7
Q

Who were in favour of church reform?

A

Clergymen

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8
Q

What did the clergymen want for the church?

A

The temporal power of the church removed allowing for it to concentrate on its spiritual function

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9
Q

What was a gain that could solve Frances financial position?

A

The wealth of the church

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10
Q

What was agreed in the August Decrees?

A

Give up the tithe
Allow the govt to take over church funding

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11
Q

What were the religious changes aug 1789 - Jun 1790?

A

Pluralism abolished
Annates ended
Taxes to the church gone
No don gratuit
Church property nationalised
Full citizenship granted to Protestants
Religious orders ended unless providing for poor and sick

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12
Q

What did these orders mean for the assembly?

A

Weakened the churches power
Relieved burden of debt

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13
Q

How did they keep the economy afloat?

A

Sold monastic wealth and property

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14
Q

What is pluralism?

A

Holding more than one ecclesial office

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15
Q

What are annates?

A

A years revenue paid to the pope on the appointment of a new Abbot

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16
Q

What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy do?

A

Reorganised the administrative structure of the church
Clergymen were paid state officials
Bishops and priests elected

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17
Q

What did the civil constitution of the clergy make the church?

A

Subservient to the state

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18
Q

Why was the Pope Pius VI in no place to object to anything?

A

He was in delicate negotiations with the French state about his Papal territory in Avignon that he didn’t want to jepodise

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19
Q

Who were critical of the measure?

A

Conservative clerics
Higher ranking clergy

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20
Q

What did the NA dismiss?

A

A proposal by French bishops and clergy to hold a synod

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21
Q

What’s a Synod?

A

Meeting of the French Church

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22
Q

What did they want a synod for?

A

To discuss the grounds that synods had been abolished

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23
Q

What was Louis forced to accept in Dec 1790?

A

The Civil Constitution

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24
Q

What was made from doubts about the Church’s support for the CC?

A

A decree that all clergy should ‘be faithful to the nation, the law and the King and to maintain with all their power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly’

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25
What happened to clerics if they didn’t swear to this oath?
Deprived of their offices and salaries
26
What was the oath good at showing?
Which clerics were loyal to the revolution
27
What percentage of the parish clergy took the oath?
55%
28
What was the effect of the Pope finally going against the CC?
Some who formerly were supportive retracted their oath
29
What did the Assembly do to respond to the retractions?
Occupied Avignon annexing it to France Declared that non-juring or refractory priests were ‘counter-revolutionaries’
30
What also happened to the non-juring and refractory priests?
Income stopped Forbidden from using religious buildings Religious dress banned - emphasise priests were no more than ‘citizens’ RP could be deported
31
What did the clergy do in response to these reforms?
Many fled abroad joining others who avoided rev change in foreign countries
32
Why were more conservative catholics alarmed?
They thought that the Assembly wanted to change their faith - made them turn against the measure
33
What were 50% of the population more scared of than their commitment to the revolution?
Eternal damnation
34
What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy do overall?
Destroyed national unity Led to counter-revolution and civil war
35
What did historian J.F Bosher say about the CCofC?
It ‘was fated to divide the nation more than any other single measure’
36
What Philosophes ideas had influence in the new political system?
Montesquieu Locke
37
What other constitutions did the French look at to help them?
British US
38
Where were the broad concerns made clear?
Declaration of the Rights of Man
39
What form of system did they decide the constitution should take to ensure that the King’s absolute power was destroyed?
Jul/Aug 1789 : a system of representative democracy where - An elected governing body acted as the legislative - The King and royal ministers made up the executive - The judiciary made independent
40
Was the governing body given one or two chambers?
One chamber
41
Was the king allowed to veto laws or suspend enactment?
Allowed a suspensory veto but after 4 years the measure would become law It was granted to balance power with deputies
42
What other powers did the king have?
Allowed to select and appoint ministers to form a cabinet (They weren’t allowed to sit in the assembly)
43
What title did the King’s change to?
‘King of the French’ Not king of France (Showed power under law not divine right)
44
What was the King’s income changed to to support him?
25 million (Reduction of 20 million)
45
How often were elections held and how were they held?
Once every 2 years Through an indirect system of electoral colleges
46
Who had the right to vote?
Active citizens
47
What were active citizens?
Males over 25 Lived in one place for a year Spoke French Paid direct taxes = to 3 days labour
48
What were passive citizens?
Everyone else
49
When was this constitution reluctantly accepted by Louis?
September 1791
50
What was central government reform followed by?
Local government reform
51
What happened in Nov 1789?
Abolishment of old provinces
52
What was France divided into?
Roughly equal sized land areas Making 83 Départements Divided into districts Divided into communes (local govt) representing towns, parish or community
53
How many people were in the elected council of each department?
36
54
Why was this significant?
It now meant they weren’t subject to central control
55
Why was decentralisation a key revolutionary idea?
It helps to prevent returning to monarchical absolutism
56
What were the majority of voters?
Propertied and educated bourgeoisie
57
What was the problem in filling the offices in rural communes?
Not enough literate people
58
What were the duties of the councils?
Law and order Collection of taxes Construction of roads
59
What was created to improve the judiciary?
A hierarchy of courts
60
What were the new administrative divisions in the hierarchy of courts?
- Justices of the Peace = hear minor civil cases in the communes - District courts = more severe civil cases - Each department had a court in its capital for criminal cases ( 2 juries one for investigation and one for judgement) - tribunal de cassation = single central high court of appeal
61
How were Justices of the Peace elected?
By active citizens for 2 year periods Had to pay 10 days wages
62
How were jurors elected?
By a lot (To reduce venality)
63
How were judges paid?
Salaries instead of fees from who they served
64
What were the legal rights?
- Accused person to be put before a judge within 24 hours of arrest - Accusations, proceedings and judgements open to the public - Accused to be assisted by a lawyer - Torture, branding and hanging abolished -Sentences to be fair and proportionate, equal and no consequences for their family - Accused person’s property can’t be seized
65
What was the only ‘humane’ form of capital punishment?
The guillotine
66
What was the overall change?
Punishments were less severe Less crimes punishable by death Cheaper more accessible system
67
What did the govt issue to delay restricting finances?
Assignats
68
How did assignats work?
Like govt bonds Purchaser ‘loaned’ money to the govt but could exchange it for the newly nationalised church land
69
What were assignats soon being used like?
Paper money for business transactions
70
What did assignats cause with overprinting?
Inflation
71
What was retained despite the Aug Decrees?
Some old taxes
72
What did the peasants expect their liability on taxes to do once the privileged classes were taxed?
To fall
73
What else did they order for those whose income exceeded 400 livres a year?
‘Patriotic contribution’ 25% of income paid over two years
74
What did the deputies then think about?
An economic restructuring programme
75
What did the economic restructuring programme aim to do?
Replace the direct taxes : taille + vingtieme Compensate for the loss of indirect taxes
76
What were the three focuses of taxation?
Land Pill or property Limited tax on commercial activity
77
Was the tax lighter for some after this?
Not really just differently assessed
78
What did the programme do overall?
It was a fairer system that provided a basis for further reform
79
What economic policies increased french trade and industry from restrictive controls?
- Internal tariffs disappeared (grain deregulated) - Corporate bodies abolished (monopolies + guilds = barriers to trade) - Devolution of powers = increased boost to bourgeois entrepreneurs - New land owning bourgeois helped agriculture farming more profitably
80
Who lost out most from the economic policies?
Poor peasants (Couldn’t afford new high prices) Created a new class of ‘capitalists’
81
What did the Aug Decrees of ‘abolishing’ venality and privilege not take away?
Wealth or influence
82
What allowed social mobility?
State charities for the poor Public education Removal of barriers to get to high office
83
What changed socially with the church?
Reduction in influence More toleration Marriage being made civil rather than religious institution
84
What replaced divisions of birth?
Gender Wealth Office
85
Who had more rights than women?
Men
86
Who had more rights than employees?
Employers
87
What did workers have to carry around despite a greater freedom of opportunity?
A livret (record of employment)
88
What restrictions were under Le Chapelier law of June 1791?
Limited freedom of association Workers forbidden from striking No trade unions
89
Who were the biggest beneficiaries of the revolutionary changes?
The bourgeoisie
90
Why did the bourgeoisie benefit the most?
Their interests were dominant in the Assembly They gained the most from the new opportunities to gain land, official positions and political influence

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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