Flashcards in chapter 13 Deck (48):
1
collective bargaining
the rights of employees and workers to negotiate with their employers for basic rights and benefits
2
government
the enacting of policies and decisions on the part of officials within a political apparatus. while in the past, virtually all governments were headed by monarchs or emperors, in modern societies most are headed by officials who do not inherit their positions of power but are elected or appointed on the basis of qualification
3
politics
the means by which power is employed to influence the nature and content of government activities. the sphere of the political includes the activities of those in govt., but also the actions of others. there are many ways in which people outside the government apparatus seek to influence it
4
economy
the system of production and exchange that provides for the material needs of individuals living in a given society. what goes on in the economy usually influences other areas in social life. Modern economies differ substantially from traditional ones because the majority of the population is no longer engaged in agricultural production
5
power
the ability of an individual or members of a group to achieve aims or further interests they hold. a pervasive element in all human relationships
6
authority
a government's legitimate use of power
7
state
a poltitcal apparatus ruling over a given territorial order whose authority is backed by laws and the ability to use force. the emergence of state marked a distinctive transition in human history because the centralization of power involved in state formation introduced new dynamics into processes of social change
8
nation state
a particular type of state characteristic of the modern world in which government has sovereign power within a defined territorial area, and the population are citizens who know themselves to be a part of an emerging nation state. originated in Europe
9
sovereignty
the undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area
10
citizen
a member of a political community having both rights and duties associated with that membership
11
nationalsim
a set of beliefs ands symbols expressing identification with a national community
12
local nationalism
the beliefs that communities share a cultural identity should have political autonomy, even within smaller units of a nation state
13
civil rights
legal rights held by all citizens in a given national community
14
political rights
rights of political participation, such as the right to vote in local and national elections, held by citizens of a national community
15
social rights
rights of social and welfare provisions held by all citizens in a national community including the right to claim unemployment, and sickness payments provided by the state
16
welfare state
a political system that provides a wide range of welfare benefits for its citizens
17
democracy
a political system that allows citizens to participate in political decision making or to elect representative government bodies
18
participatory democracy
a system of democracy in which all members of a group or community participate collectively in making major decisions
19
direct democracy
a form of participatory democracy that allows citizens to vote directly on laws and policies
20
constitutional monarchs
kings or queens who are largely figureheads. real power rests in the hands of other political leaders
21
liberal democracies
systems of democracy based on parliamentary institutions, coupled to the free market system in the area of economic production
22
communism
a set of political beliefs associated with marx, as developed by a particularly by Lenin and institutionalized in the soviet union, eastern europe and some 3rd world countries
23
interest group
a group organized to pursue specific interests in the political arena, operating primarily by lobbying the members of legislative bodies
24
democratic elitism
a theory of the limits of democracy which holds that in large scale societies democratic participation is necessarily limited to the regular election of political leaders
25
pluralist theory of modern democracy
theories that emphasize the role of diverse and potentially competing interest groups, none of which dominate the political process
26
power elite
small networks of individuals who hold concentrated power in modern society
27
terrorism
use of attacks on civilians designed to persuade a government to alter its policies, or to damage its standing in the world
28
old-style terrorism
a type of terrorism that is local and linked to particular states and has limited objectives, which means that the violence involved is fairly limited
29
new-style terrorism
a recent form of terrorism characterized by global ambitions, loose global organizational ties and a more ruthless attitude toward the violence the terrorists are willing to use
30
work
the activity by which people produce from the natural world and so insure their survival
31
occupation
any form of paid employment in which an individual regularly works
32
technology
the application of knowledge of the material world to production; the creation of material instruments using human interactions with nature
33
informal economy
economic transactions carried on outside the sphere of orthodox paid employment
34
division of labor
the specialization of work tasks, by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system. all societies have at least some rudimentary division of labor, especially between tasks performed by men and women
35
economic interdependence
the fact that in the division of labor, individuals depend on others to produce many or most of the goods they need to sustain their lives
36
alienation
the sense that our own abilities as human beings are taken over by other entities
37
strike
a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or enforce a demand
38
capitalism
an economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested to produce a profit
39
entrepreneur
the owner or founder of a business firm
40
monopoly
a situation in which a single firm dominates in a given industry
41
oligopoly
the domination of a small number of firms in a given industry
42
family capitalism
capitalistic enterprises owned and administered by entrepreneurial families
43
managerial capitalism
capitalistic enterprises administered by managerial executives rather than by owners
44
welfare capitalism
practice in which large corporations protect their employees from the vicissitudes of the market
45
institutional capitalism
capitalistic enterprises organized on the basis of institutional shareholding
46
transnational corporations
business corporations located in 2 or more countries
47
automation
production processes monitored and controlled by machines with only minimal supervision from people
48