Chapter 2

Question 1

Naqib

Answer 1

a veil that covers a muslim woman’s hair and face

Question 2

culture

Answer 2

the values held by members of a particular group, the languages they speak, the symbols they revere, the norms thy follow and the material goods they create

Question 3

values

Answer 3

abstract ideals e.g. monogamy

Question 4

norms

Answer 4

widely agreed apron principles or rules people are expected to observe

Question 5

material goods

Answer 5

the physical objects that individuals in a society create, in turn influencing how we live

Question 6

instinct

Answer 6

a fixed pattern of behavior that has genetic origins and that appears in all normal animals within a given species

Question 7

society

Answer 7

a group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups. some are small while others are large

Question 8

sociobiology

Answer 8

an approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and he-man beings in terms of biological principles

Question 9

subcultures

Answer 9

values and norms are distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society

Question 10

assimilation

Answer 10

the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture

Question 11

multiculturalism

Answer 11

the viewpoint according to which ethnic groups cane exist separately and share equally in economic and political life

Question 12

ethnocentrism

Answer 12

the tendency to look at other cultures through the eye’s of ones own culture and thereby misrepresent them

Question 13

cultural relativism

Answer 13

the practice of judging a society by its own standards

Question 14

cultural universals

Answer 14

values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures

Question 15

language

Answer 15

the primary vehicle of meaning and communication in a society. a system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts

Question 16

marriage

Answer 16

a socially approved sexual relationship between 2 individuals. almost always involves 2 people of the opposite sex. forms the basis of family procreation

Question 17

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 17

perceptions are relative to language

Question 18

signifier

Answer 18

any vehicle of meaning and communication

Question 19

semiotics

Answer 19

the study of the ways in which linguistic and nonlinguistic phenomena can generate meaning

Question 20

pastoral societies

Answer 20

societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals

Question 21

agrarian societies

Answer 21

means of subsistence are based on agricultural production

Question 22

industrialization

Answer 22

the emergence of machine production based on the use of inanimate power resources

Question 23

industrialized societies

Answer 23

highly developed nation states in which the majority of population work in factories or offices rather than in agriculture, and most people live in urban areas

Question 24

nation state

Answer 24

characteristic of the modern world, govt has sovereign power within a defined territorial area, and the population are citizens who know themselves to be a part of that single nation. closely associated with the rise of nationalism

Question 25

colonialism

Answer 25

the process whereby western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

Question 26

developing world

Answer 26

the less developed societies in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or only developed to a limited degree

Question 27

newly industrializing economies

Answer 27

developing countries that over the past2-3 decades have begun to develop a strong industrial base e.g. singapore and hong Kong

Question 28

nationalsim

Answer 28

a set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community