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Biology > Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve > Flashcards

Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is evolution

A

Descent with modification

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2
Q

Who is Charles Darwin

A

Famous for proposing that evolution occurs by natural selection and for writing “origin of species”

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3
Q

How did Darwin study evolution

A

Compared how their appearance, mating and eating habitats change with different locations and climate (water vs land) (cold vs warm) (wooded area vs beach)

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4
Q

What did Darwin observe

A

Blue footed booby, marine iguana, giant tortoise, finches

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5
Q

Who studies evolution

A

Paleontologist

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6
Q

Paleontologist

A

Study fossils, imprints of remains of organisms that lived in the past

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7
Q

Amber

A

Fossilized resin produced by pine trees

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8
Q

Ammonite cast

A

Replicas of ammoites which were shelled marine animals related to the present day nautilus

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9
Q

Fossils found in the ______ layer are older than those found in ______ layere

A

Lower, upper

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10
Q

Carbon dating

A

Estimates fossils age up to 50,000 years old

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11
Q

The longer the organism has been dead….

A

Less carbon and more nitrogen tend to be present in body

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12
Q

How does carbon dating work

A

Compares amount of carbon 14 in the air to the amount of c in the fossil (dead organism)

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13
Q

Homologous structures

A

Have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry.

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14
Q

Veterbrae

A

Organism that Has backbone

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15
Q

Analogous structure

A

Have similar appearance and functions but they aren’t derived from a common ancestor (evolved independently)

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16
Q

Example of analogous structures

A

Wings of a bird and butterflies (which are insects) have the same function flying but they evolve separately

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17
Q

Biogeography

A

Compares organism and their traits between different locations geographies

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18
Q

Marsupials

A

Animals which carry their young in a pouch

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19
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Compares body structures between organism

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20
Q

Molecular biology

A

Compares DNA sequences between different organism

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21
Q

What does each branch point represent in a evolutionary tree

A

Common ancestor of the lineages beginning there and to the right of it

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22
Q

A hatch mark represents what in a evolution tree

A

Homologous character shared by all the groups to the right of the mark

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23
Q

Ostriches, hawks, and others are considers what

A

Birds

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24
Q

Lizards, snakes and crocodiles are considered what

A

Reptiles

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25
What are tetrapods
4 appendage
26
What is an evolutionary tree
Allows us to determine which traits are shared by different organisms and which ones are unique to a certain group of organisms
27
Tetrapods limbs are shared by...
Amphibians, mammals, reptiles, and birds but not lungfishes
28
Amnion
Fluid filled membrane that encloses an embryo is shared by mammals, reptiles, and birds but not by lungfishes and amphibians
29
What are unique to birds
Feathers
30
How does nature affects evolution
Natural selection
31
Natural selection
The process where nature selects traits that help organism survive and reproduce in a specific environment and over time increase in population
32
Example of natural selection
The surviving and increase of the bugs resistant to pesticides rather than the bug that is not.
33
3 rules of evolution by natural selection
1) populations evolve, not individuals 2) natural selection can only affect heritable (encoded in DNA) traits (not acquired traits 3) perfectly adapted organism are not created by natural selection
34
What forces affect evolution
Artificial selection
35
Artificial selection
Process by which humans select and breed organism with desired traits
36
What are the sources of variation within a population
Mutation and sexual reproduction
37
Mutation
Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA and ultimate source of new alleles
38
The hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Used to calculate the allele and genotype frequencies in population
39
What is the equation for hardy-Weinberg, us to calculate frequency or genotypes
P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, P + q = 1
40
P represent in hardy Weinberg equation
Frequency of dominant allele
41
To be in a hardy weinberg equilibrium a population must
``` Be very large Keep all its members together, keep strangers away Not mutate Have random mating (no inbreeding) Not undergo natural selection ```
42
How do you find the frequency of a dominant phenotype
P2 + 2pq
43
Determines frequency of recessive phenotype
Q2
44
How can the gene pool of a population change
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
45
What is an example of adaptive evolution
Natural selection
46
Natural selection
Alleles selected by nature, they are favorable for survival and reproduction of a population
47
What are examples of non-adaptive evolution
Genetic drift and gene flow
48
Genetic drift
A random change in allele freq; bottlenecking effect. Alleles are randomly selected; may be favorable for survival
49
Gene flow
When genes or alleles move in and out of population because of changes in mating locations
50
Bottlenecking effect
Lead to loss of genetic diversity when population is greatly reduced in size because sudden change in environment.
51
Examples of bottlenecking
Fire, earthquake, flood
52
Founder effect
Leads to loss of genetic diversity when a few individuals isolated from a large population creating new population(s)
53
What are the different effects of natural selection
Stabilizing selection, directional selection and disruptive selection
54
Disruptive selection
favors individual at both ends with phenotypic range allowing mice with light or dark fur colors to survive
55
Stabilizing selection
Favors individuals with intermediate fur colors selecting against individuals with light and dark fur colors
56
Directional selection
Acts against individuals at one end of phenotypic range
57
Sexual selection
Type of natural selection where members of the same species compete for access to mates
58
Primary structures
Are needed for reproduction to happen (viable sperm and penis)
59
Secondary sex structures
Are not involved into reproduction directly but the chance of reproduction occurring (ex; feathers of male peacocks)
60
Balancing selection
Occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population
61
Frequency dependent selection
Is a type of balancing selection that maintains two different phenotypic forms in a population acting against either form when becomes too common in a population

Biology (14 decks)

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