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Biology > Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants

A

Easily observed characteristics
Short generation time
Fertilization can be controlled

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2
Q

What is p generation

A

Parental generation

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3
Q

What is the p generation

A

True breeding or pure bred parents

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4
Q

True breeding or purebred parents pass what

A

Their traits over and over again

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5
Q

F1 generation

A

Offspring of p generation

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6
Q

Mono hybrid cross

A

Mating between 2 organism which are similar in everything except 1 character

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7
Q

What is a dominant trait

A

A trait that shows up in every generation

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8
Q

Recessive trait

A

Trait that skips one or more generation

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9
Q

Alleles

A

For each character encoded by a gene, we have two versions

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10
Q

Homozygous dominant

A

Same two dominant alleles

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11
Q

Homozygous recessive

A

The same two recessive alleles

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

One dominant and one recessive alleles

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13
Q

What are examples of genotype

A

Homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous

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14
Q

What is a genotype

A

Genetic make up of organism tell us about genes or alleles

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15
Q

What is a phenotype

A

Phenotype tells us about physical features of an organism; something we can see or observe

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16
Q

Example of phenotype

A

Purple flowers and white flowers

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17
Q

In pea plants, 2 different ________, ___________ & __________ produce purple flowers, while ___________ produce white flowers

A

Genotypes, homozygous dominant and heterozygous, homozygous recessive

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18
Q

The Punnett square

A

Way to determine probably of seeing a particular trait in offspring

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19
Q

Phenotype ratio

A

Ratio between all physical features

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20
Q

Genotype ratio

A

A ratio between genetic make up

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21
Q

What is the difference between homologous and homozygous

A

Having the same allele at the same locus on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Homozygous referees to a genotype consisting of two identical alleles of a gene

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22
Q

Traits encoded by genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are more likely to do what?

A

Inherited together than those encoded by the genes far apart

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23
Q

How do we know if an animal is really a purebred?

A

Test cross

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24
Q

Test cross

A

Used to determine whether unknown genotype is homozygous dominant (pure bred) or heterozygous (mutt)

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25
Wild type traits
Most often seen in nature and not necessarily specified by dominant allele
26
Example of wild type trait
Having no freckles, or normal pigmentation?
27
What are unique about autosomal disorders in humans (as far as alleles)
They can be dominant recessive
28
Pedigree
Shows the inheritance of a trait in a family through multiple generations
29
Example of pedigree
Family tree
30
When a shape is half shaded what does that mean
They are a carrier, heterozygous for recessive trait
31
Amiocentesis
Needle extracts amniotic fluid
32
What is amniotic fluid
Fluid that surrounds fetus
33
When does amniocentesis occur
Performed between 14-20 weeks of pregnancy
34
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Suction tube extracts tissue from chorionic villi (growth found in placenta)
35
Which Karyotyping procedure is less invasive for fetus
CVS
36
When is chorionic villus sampling performed
8-12 weeks of pregnancy
37
When can you get the results of amniocentesis
Several weeks
38
When can you get the results of CVS
Several hours
39
Biochemical test analyze what
Gene products: enzymes and other proteins
40
Amniocentesis and CVS have in common?
Both can cause miscarriages
41
Genetic tests analyze what
DNA itself
42
In a cross between 2 heterozygous phenotypes and genotype ratios....
Are the same
43
Incomplete dominance
Heterozygous genotype has a phenotype that is intermediate between phenotypes of the two homozygotes
44
Why is incomplete dominance not truly dominant?
Because it can’t mask the recessive allele from being seen
45
What is an example of incomplete dominance in humans
LDL receptors
46
LDL: homozygous HH (dominant), does what? And what characteristics
Ability to make LDL receptors, normal concentration of cholesterol in blood
47
What is the genotype of normal cholesterol
HH
48
What is the genotype of someone with a mild disease of hypercholesteromia?
Hh, heterozygous
49
What is the phenotype of someone with mild disease of hypercholestermia?
1/2 of LDL receptors
50
What is the genotype of someone with high cholesterol
hh, homozygous
51
Pertaining to LDL, someone that is homozygous recessive has the ability to do what?
The inability to make LDL receptors
52
Can there be more than one dominant allele or a gene,
Yes, codominance
53
What is codominance
Two different alleles of a single gene are expressed and they don’t overpower each other in the phenotype
54
Example of codominance
AB blood type in humans
55
Gene that determines blood type in humans have how many different type of alleles
3 different types
56
What are the different types of alleles that determine blood
Ia, Ib, i
57
Which allele is dominant for blood
Ia and Ib, they codominate
58
What is pleiotrophy
Single gene affects several phenotypic characters
59
What is an example of pleiotrophy
Sickle cell anemia
60
Sickle cell anemia
Get abnormal hemnoglobin chrystallizes causing red blood cells tod become sickle shaped and get stuck in vessels and can’t deliver enough oxygen to organs...causing damage to other organs
61
In humans, what determines the sex of the baby?
The Y chromosome

Biology (14 decks)

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