Chapter 3: Molecules of Cells Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
denaturation
A
protein unfolding
2
Q
What causes amino acids to be hydrophilic
A
R group is polar
3
Q
What differs between amino acids and determines chemical properties of amino acids
A
R groups
4
Q
animal fat is what type of fat?
A
saturated
5
Q
examples of isomers
A
glucose, fructose and galactose
6
Q
Amphipathic lipids
A
Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in their structures
7
Q
What type of Pyrimidines
A
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
8
Q
What is the difference between dCMP vs. dTMP
A
Cytosine has single carbonyl group and thymine has 2 carbonyl group and 1 methyl group
9
Q
how does RNA make protein
A
throught translation
10
Q
What is the strongest bond that make polypeptide fold
A
Disulfide bond (nonpolar covalent)
11
Q
what is the blueprint of life?
A
DNA
12
Q
What are 5 different nitrogenous bases
A
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
13
Q
RNA is made up of what?
A
single stranded helix
14
Q
hydrophobic `
A
nonpolar, don’t like water
15
Q
cellulose provides?
A
structural support in plants
16
Q
Example of polypeptide chain
A
Myoglobin
17
Q
lipids are made up of
A
tryiglycerides, steroids, phospholipids
18
Q
what is a monosaccharides?
A
simple sugars - building blocks of disaccharide and polysaccharide
19
Q
examples of monosaccharides
A
glucose, galactose and fructose
20
Q
What are the types of purines
A
Adenine and guanine
21
Q
example of unsaturated fat
A
olive oil
22
Q
what are DNA and RNA composed of
A
nucleotides
23
Q
What is unique about proline amino acid
A
Allows polypeptide to bend
24
Q
DNA is made up of what?
A
double stranded helix
25
what are the nitrogenous bases for RNA
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and Uracil
26
Not all lipids have what in their structures
Fatty acids
27
gene
piece of DNA that codes for protein
28
estrogen and testosterone are
sex hormones
29
Micelles
Monolayered structures that form by adding detergents( lipid like molecules) to water
30
what are examples of polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
31
monosaturated fatty acids
have one double bonds
32
hydrophilic amino acids have....
polar r groups - containing oxygen
33
examples of macromolecules (organic compounds)
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
34
Name a specific type of chaperons
HSP (heat shock proteins)
35
What polysaccharides can you find in animals
Chitin and glycogen
36
exoskeleton
external shell
37
How many different r groups
20
38
what is a major component of cell membranes and internal membranes
phospholipids
39
Phosphate group contains?
-OPO32-
40
What composes proteins (like what groups)
Carbon bonded to R group, N terminus (amino group), C terminus (carboxyl group) and hydrogen
41
what is two types of unsaturated fatty acids?
monosaturated and polysaturated fatty acids
42
choloesterol only found in
animals
43
3 common steroids
cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen
44
dehydration reaction
forms a new bond by water being taking away form polymer and monomer
45
C-C and C-H, are what type of bonds?
nonpolar covalent bonds
46
glycogen stores?
energy in animal
47
Pyrimidines are what
Single ringed
48
What causes amino acids to be negatively charged
Amino Acids has r groups that has acetic carboxyl group
49
What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates
C6H12O6 or CH2O
50
how are single strand of DNA nucleotides held together
phosphodiester bonds
51
methyl group contains?
-CH3
52
What are the four different DNA nucleotides
dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP
53
What is the difference between GMP AND AMP
Guanine has carbonyl group and adenine doesn’t
54
Denatured proteins loses what if they are made up of 1 polypeptide bond
Loses tertiary and secondary structure
55
How are macromolecules produced?
dehydration reaction
56
carbohydrates are made up of?
mononsachharides, disaccharide, and polysacchride
57
Hydrocarbon is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Hydrophobic (non polar)
58
what are proteins made of?
amino acids
59
Estrogen
type of steroid that produces female sex hormone by ovaries that promotes development o female sex characteristics such as breast growth
60
Example of two or more polypeptide chains
Hemoglobin (4 chains)
61
how does DNA makes 2 DNA
Through replication
62
unsaturated fats are usually ____ at room temperature
liquid
63
If a protein is made up of just 1 polypeptide it becomes functional after what and what is one example
Reaching tertiary structure, myoglobin
64
what type of bond is phosphodiester bonds
polar covalent
65
Polypeptide bond
bond of amino acids
66
R group determines what?
chemical properties of amino acids
67
hydrophillic molecules
polar molecules and likes water
68
Primary structure of protein is functional or non functional
Non functional
69
Example of branched starches
Amylopectin
70
HSP proteins
Are chaperons produced when cells are exposed to high temperatures and other stresses
71
Dissociation
2 or more polypeptides that make up a protein come apart, loses its quaternary structure only exposing to salts
72
how do you make lactose?
galactose and glucose
73
unsaturated fatty acids
have 1 or more double bonds between c atoms
74
Denatured proteins loses what if they are made up of 2 or more polypeptide bonds
Loses quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structure
75
amino group contains?
-NH2
76
What is found in animal cell membranes and not in plants
LDL
77
What is different from dAMP vs. dGMP
Guanine has a carbonyl group in its structure and adenine doesn’t
78
Glyceraldehyde is made up of how many carbons
3
79
how does a single polypetide becomes functional?
by reaching its tertiary structure
80
what are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
nucleic acids
81
What is hydrogenation (relating to lipids)
Adding hydrogen atoms
82
what is atherosclerosis?
narrowing and hardening of the blood vessels
83
What causes amino acids to be non polar
R group are non polar
84
Example of polynucleotide
DNA and RNA
85
Dipeptide
Chain of amino acids held by peptide bonds
86
what is a disaccharide?
two monoscharrides together
87
What causes amino acids to be ionizable
R groups have a positive or negative charge
88
How does amino group becomes basic
By removing H, meaning becoming positively charged (NH3+)
89
unsaturated fats are found in
plants and fish
90
In RNA, ribose has what attached to the 2’ carbon
-OH
91
How does tertiary structure forms
Interactions between R groups of different amino acids
92
organic
something that has carbon skeleton or backbone`
93
carbohydrates: hydrophobic or hydrophillic
hydrophillic
94
steroids lack
fatty acids
95
What are they types of amino acids
Special, non polar, polar, and ionizable
96
Ex of amphipathic lipids
Phospholipid and steroids
97
Glycosidic link
Polar covalent bond between monosaccharides unique to sugars
98
saturated fats are usually ____ at room temperature
solid
99
How does carbonyl acts as an acid
Becoming negatively charged, going from COOH got COO-
100
What polysaccharides can you find in plants
Starches and cellulose
101
what are anabolic steroids
synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone that are abused by some athletes with serious consequences
102
examples of disaccharides?
sucrose and lactose
103
DNA is used to make?
RNA
104
hydrolysis
breaks a bond when water is added to polymer
105
All carbohydrates are what type of molecules (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) (polar or non polar)
Hydrophilic (polar)
106
what is the starting material for making steroid hormones?
cholesterol
107
which tertiary structure bond is the strongest?
disulfide bond
108
steroids have what type of structure?
four fused hydrocarbon rings
109
saturated fatty acids
have no double bonds between c atoms
110
Deoxyribose is made up how many carbons
5
111
Difference between CMP AND UMP
Cytosine lacks carbonyl group and ump has 2 carbonyl groups
112
atherosclerosis may result in
heart attack or stroke
113
What is unique about Methionine
First AA that is used to make protein
114
Nitrogenase bases: C and G form how many hydrogen bonds
3 bonds
115
What structure is unique to DNA
5’ and 3’ end
116
tertiary structure
overall 3d shape of polypeptide, which results from interaction between r groups of the various amino acids
117
shape of protein determines
its specific function
118
Fructose is made up of how many carbons
6
119
Polypetide bond is what type of covalent bond
polar covalent
120
Secondary structures proteins forms what bonds
Hydrogen
121
tertiary structure has what type of bonds?
hydrogen, peptide, ionic and disulfide bonds
122
What kind of proteins are functional?
Folded
123
Can phosphodiester bonds form hydrogen bonds
Yes
124
C terminal
Carboxyl group
125
What bonds are unique to DNA and RNA
Phosphodiester bonds
126
What stores energy in our bodies
Fat and glycogen
127
starch stores what?
energy in plants
128
4 different RNA nucleotides are
AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP
129
Ribose is made up of how many carbons
5
130
What makes amino acids positively charged
They are basic and r group has basic amino group NH3
131
What is the structure of micelles
1 hydrophilic head and 1 hydrophobic tail
132
trans fat have
H atoms present on opposite sides of the double bond
133
Isomers
compounds that are composed of the same number and type of atoms,but these atoms are arranged differently in space
134
what are the protein four levels of structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
135
In DNA, the deoxyribose had what attached to the 2’ carbon
Hydrogen
136
cis fats have
H atoms present on one side of the double bond
137
what are the building block of proteins?k
amino acids
138
Nitrogenase bases: A and T forms how many hydrogen bonds
2
139
mononmer
building block of polymer
140
Secondary structure of proteins have which type of bond
Hydrogen and peptide bonds
141
DNA and RNA are made up of what type of sugar?
5-C
142
carbonyl group contains?
carbon atom double bonded oxygen
143
what are the bad fats?
trans and saturated
144
hydroxyl group contains?
-OH
145
How do we convert oil to fat
Hydrogenation
146
Protein primary stucture
string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (doesn't have hydrogen bonds)
147
What are the bad fats
Trans and saturated
148
What are the 5 bonds that make polypeptides fold
Hydrogen bond, disulfide bond, ionic bond, van der waals attraction and hydrophobic exclusion
149
cytosine always pairs up with
guanine by hydrogen bonding
150
Glycogen is branched or unbranced
Highly branched
151
what are some of the consequences of using anabolic steroids
violent mood swings, depression, liver damage, cancer, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure
152
example of saturated fat
butter
153
If a protein is made up of 2 or more polypeptide it becomes functional after reaching what and name one example
Quanternary structure, hemoglobin
154
Example of polar covalent bonds
O-H
O=C-N
S-H
155
chitin provides what?
structural support in animals and fungi
156
3 examples of nonpolar covalent bonds with carbon
C-H
C-C
C-S
157
What ends are unique to proteins
N and C termini
158
what sugar makes up DNA
Deoxyribose
159
Peptide bond is what type of bond
Polar covalent bond unique to protein
160
what can lead to atherosclerosis?
high cholesterol levels
161
Steroids are made up of what
4 fused Hydrocarbon rings (nonpolar)
162
Another name for sucrose
Table sugar
163
starch and cellulose are found in
plants
164
Example of unbranched starches
Amylose
165
adenine always pairs up with
thymine by hydrogen bonding
166
what is the disulfide bond
forms between sulfide atoms of adjacent cysteine amino acids
167
Does carbs dissolve in water
Yes
168
What type of starches are there
Unbranched and branched
169
what proteins are functional
only folded proteins
170
how do you form maltose?
put to glucose together by dehydration
171
carboxyl group contains?
-COOH, carbon double bonded to oxygen and on other side of carbon is another bond to another oxygen
172
what are the nitrogenous bases for DNA
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
173
Sugar phosphate backbone is found where
In DNA and RNA
174
Where is maltose found
Gefrminating grains; corn wheat and rice
175
chitin and glycogen are found in
animals
176
how does a protein unfold?
due to denaturing by exposure to heat, wrong pH, or chemicals
177
how do you make sucrose?
put together glucose and fructose
178
single nucleotides include
sugar, phophate group and nitrogenous base (adenine)
179
What causes fatty acids (unsaturated) to bend
Double bonds
180
trigylcerides stores?
energy
181
Two nucleotides form what
Dinucleotide
182
undigestive cellulose is called?
fiber
183
Many nucleotides form what
Polynucleotides
184
Purines are what
Double ringed
185
Special amino acids are made up of
Proline (pro), Methionine (Met), and Cysteine (Cys)
186
Steroids lack what
Fatty acids
187
what sugar makes up RNA
ribose
188
how are proteins produced?
through dehydration -removal of water
189
polysaturated fatty acids
have 2 or more saturated bonds
190
how many different amino acids?
20
191
Testosterone
type of steroid that produces male sex hormone by testes the promotes development- hair growth and high bone and muscle mass
192
Nucleic acids include
DNA, RNA
193
Another name for lactose
Milk sugar
194
how many genes does a human have?
25,000 genes in DNA
195
if protein is made up of 2 or more polypeptides, it becomes functional how?
reaching its quaternary structure
196
How are macromolecules broken apart?
hydrolysis
197
hydrophobic amino acids have....
nonpolar r groups
198
what are hydrocarbons?
compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen
199
polysaccharides is?
many glucose molecules held together
200
What is the structurally between dTMP and UMP
dTMP has a deoxynucleotide and the thymine has 2 carbonyl group with a methyl group. UMP has a ribose nucleotide with 2 carbonyl groups but lacks methyl group
201
unsaturated fats are referred as
oils
202
Phosphodiester bonds are polar or non polar
Polar covalent
203
secondary structure fold how?
results from folding or coiling of primary structure (has hydrogen bonds)
204
Unique about cysteine
Sulfur forms disulfide bonds of another cysteine
205
Can denaturation be reversed
In some cases, upon removing denaturing agent (renaturation)
206
What makes phospholipid head polar or hydrophilic
Choline and phosphate group
207
Fats are entirely....
Hydrophobic
208
Molecules are broken up into?
micromolecules and macromolecules
209
Nitrogenase bases: A and U form how many hydrogen bonds
2 bonds
210
what are functional groups?
group of atoms in macromolecules which determine how those macromolecules "work"
211
N terminus
Amino group
212
what is a simple carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
213
how does DNA make RNA
through transcription
214
Aromatic consist of what
Benzene ring (6 carbons)
215
Chitin is found where
In fungi (animals)
