Chapter 4: Tour of the cell Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
plasma memebrane
A
made up of a lipid bilayer - encloses the cytoplasm
2
Q
which organelle lacks internal membranes in an animal cell
A
ribosomes
3
Q
where is cytoskeleton is found
A
in all eukaryotic cells
4
Q
nuclear envelope has what type of membrane
A
double lipid bilayer
5
Q
what does animal cells have and plant cells lack
A
centrioles and and some lack lysosomes
6
Q
are actin filaments dynamic
A
yes
7
Q
what things do a plant cell have and animals do not have
A
cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole, plasmodesma
8
Q
unicellular cell
A
made up of one cell
9
Q
what is the largest cytoskeleton
A
microtubule
10
Q
what are the different cytoskeletons
A
microtubule, intermediate filaments, and actin filament (microfilament)
11
Q
microtubule
A
support and shape the cell, involved in movements of organelles and vesicles within cells, guide movements of chromosomes during cell division
-hollow tubes made up of globular shape and protein, tubulin
12
Q
confocal microscope
A
uses laser to generate 3d images of living cells
13
Q
what metabolic compartment that do not orginate from the endomembrane system
A
peroxisomes
14
Q
eukaryotic cells
A
has nucleus
15
Q
cell wall
A
protection
16
Q
chloroplast
A
photsynthesizing membrand bound organelle of plants and algae
17
Q
anchoring junction
A
cytoskeleton of one cell is connected to cytoskeleton of another cell
18
Q
explain the 9+2
A
9 outer microtubule doublet, 2 central microtubule - this is surrounded by the plasma membrane
19
Q
damage done to membranes can be repaired by what
A
phospholipid
20
Q
what are the 3 functions of SER
A
- makes lipids: oils, steroids, and phospholipids
- stores Ca2+ in muscles cells
- detoxifies drugs and poison in the liver cells
21
Q
photosynthesis
A
when solar energy (sunlight) is used to make sugar
22
Q
what is plasmodesmata
A
cytoplasmic connections between two neighboring plant cells through which ions, amino acids, and same proteins can pass
23
Q
cilia
A
numerous hair like structures found in cells lining respiratory tract in some protist
24
Q
what has unicellular and multicellular cells?
A
eukaryotic cells
25
what are bacteria only organelles?
ribosomes
26
what is the endosymbiosis theory about
explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplast
27
fimbriae
allow bacteria to attach to each other and to other surfaces
28
which electron microscope has the highest resolution
transmission electron
29
what does atp stand for
adenosine triphosphate
30
what makes up centrosome
pair of centrioles
31
mitochondria
carries out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
32
secretory pathway
series of steps that the cell uses to release secretory proteins and lipids outside of the cell
33
what type of specimen does light microscopes analyze
dead or alive
34
Pro-karyotic means
before nucleus
35
what are the two types of vacuoles
central vacuole and contractile vacuoles
36
ribosomes
make proteins
37
are intermediate filaments dynamic
no, stable - don't break easily
38
Ribosomes make
proteins
39
what does dynamic mean
break and reform
40
what does the RER modifies proteins into
glycoprotein, proteins with short sugar chains
41
organelle
tiny structure that has its own function
42
what is the name of a unicellular cell
prokaryotic
43
how does the RER gets things to other places
transport vesicle buds off from the RER
44
each ribosomal subunit is composed of
rRNA and proteins
45
what are centrioles made up of
microtubles
46
what are intermediate filaments made of
fibrous shaped proteins
47
what happens on the shipping side
the transport vesicle goes from the golgi
48
electron microscopes
uses beam of electrons to generate 3D images
49
ribosomes works together with _____ to make proteins, this process is called translation
mRNA
50
what are the sides of the golgi
shipping and receiving
51
What is the hollow area in the RER
Lumen
52
what organelles are included in the endosymbiosis theory
mitochondria and chloroplast
53
animal cells have 2 different types of membranes....
plasma and internal membranes
54
what is the smallest cytoskeleton
actin filament (microfilament)
55
intermediate filaments
reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles, support the nuclear envolope,
56
living organism are categorized by
unicellular or multicellular
57
where is the cytoskeleton located
inside of the cell, not outside
58
how many membranes does a mitochondria have and what are they
2, inner membrane and outer membrane
59
what are chaperons
proteins that help other proteins fold properly
60
lysosomes
membrane bound organelles contains digestive enzymes that break down food and bacteria engulfed by white blood cells, and old or damaged cells
61
higher resolution? electron or light microscope?
electron
62
how does eukaryotic cells move
cilia and flagella
63
multicellular cell
made up of 2 or more cells
64
what happens in the centrisome region
cytoplasm where microtubles seperate chromosomes during cell division
65
Capsule
additional protection for bacteria
66
why do cell needs lipids
to make up the membranes
67
another name for secretion
exocytosis
68
confocal uses what when generating images
fluorescent
69
light microscopes
uses light to produce 2D images of animal, plant, protist, and fungal cells, most bacteria and some intracelluladr components (nucleus and mitochondria)
70
what are the 6 membranes of endomembrane systems
nuclear envolope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane
71
how do animal cells stay connected
through cell junctions
72
What are the two type of cells that something can fall into?
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
73
are microtubules dynamic
yes
74
what does fimbriae attach to
skin, teeth or food
75
what does a phospholipid contain
a hydrophillic head and 2 hydrophobic tails
76
cytoplasm
semifluid made up of cytosol and organelles
77
What happens when micromolecules are in the golgi
macromolecules are further modified in the golgi lumen making lipids into glycolipids and then are shipped to the shipping side
78
what does the crista matrix contain DNA and ribosomes
crista matrix
79
Prokaryotic cells
no nucleus
80
Nucleolus
inside of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA are produced and combinded with proteins to form small and large ribosomal subunits
81
peroxisomes
contains enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide - break down fatty acids
82
function of the golgi apparatus
packaging, distribution and additional processing of molecules
83
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments which organize the structure and activities of the cell
84
example of unicellular cell
bacteria, archae, yeast, and most protist
85
What is ECM made of
fibrous protein and glycoprotein
86
what type of specimen does electron microscopes analyze
dead only
87
what are the three functions of the RER
1. make proteins
2. modifies proteins
3. contains chaperon
88
what is outside of the animal plasma membrane
extracelular matrix (ECM)
89
where are microtubules located
in centrioles, flagella, and cilia
90
tight junctions
prevent fluid from moving across a layer cells
91
resolution
the ability to see two close objects as seperate
92
what is the folding of inner membrane that allows the membrane to increase in surface area
crista matrix
93
how many cells in a human body?
about 100 trillion cells
94
what are cell walls made up of
cellulose
95
where does an animal store water?
central vacuole
96
cytosol
a liquid of cytoplasm
97
proteins made in RER and modified in golgi work best....
at acidic pH
98
what is the ratio of array of microtubles of cilia and flagella
9+2
99
what is another small feature that mitochondia makes
proteins
100
how do you kill a bacteria?
kill cell wall
101
how many centrioles does an animal cell have
2
102
actin filament
supports the cell shape and involved in cell movements, contract muscles, crawling of white blood cells
103
how can we see 3D images of living organisms
confocal microscope
104
which Endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on it
rough er
105
what falls under prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
106
what happens on the receiving side of the golgi
receives transport vescles carrying protein and glycoproteins from RER and lipids from SER
107
fibrous protein contain
collagen
108
eukaryotic animal cells are made up with type of membrane
plasma membrane - lipid bilayer
109
eu-karyotic means
true nucleus
110
what produces atp
mitochondria
111
semifluid in chloroplast contains
thylakoids, DNA and ribosomes
112
central vacuole
stores water, food, and waste
113
what makes the plant green
chlorophyll inside of the chloroplast
114
contractile vacuole
regulate water balance
115
nucleus
membrane organelle that contains most of the cells DNA and RNA
116
what are the types of electron microscopes
scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope
117
which microscope has the highest resolution
electron microscopes
118
how do plant cells communicate with each other
plasmodesmata
119
flagella
tail like structure that allows sperm cells and protist and bacteria to move
120
what is the hollow area in golgi
lumen
121
where are contractile vacuole
found in protist
122
examples of multicellular cells
animals, plants, all other fungi, and some protist
123
where is chlorophyll located
in the thylakoid in the chlorplast
124
what is the membrane that encloses the thylakoid
thylakoid membrane
125
what is the shape of actin filament
globular shaped protein
126
gap junction
involves the formation of gap between plasma membrane of adjacent cells, allowing ions, amino acids, and sugars to pass through it
127
does bacteria have a cell wall
yes
128
chromatin
complex of DNA and protein makes up chromosomes
129
where are central vacuole found
in plants
130
endosymbiosis
living together in close association
131
Bacterial chromosomes
made of DNA and proteins
132
what are the types of eukaryotic cells
animals, protist, fungi, and plants
133
nucleoid
region of the cytoplasm where the cells DNA is found
134
Examples of unicellular
Bacteria and archaeans
135
What type of DNA does bacteria cells have
Circular double stranded DNA
136
Bacterial cells don’t have what
Internal membranes
137
Example of cells that has flagellum
Bacteria and sperm cells
138
What are the two types of bacteria
Gram positive and gram negative
139
Gram positive bacteria
Retain grain stain (purple color stain)
140
Example of gram positive bacteria
Streptococcus
141
What type of cell wall does gram positive have
A thick peptidoghycan layer
142
What is peptidogycan layer
It is in gram positive bacteria and it consist of polysaccharides and peptides
143
What is gram negative bacteria
Lose purple color strain and turn light pink
144
Gram negative example
E. Coli
145
What type of cell wall does gram negative bacteria has
Contains lipopolysaccharides and other materials covering a thin peptide sigma glycan layer
146
What is lipopolysaccharides
Polysaccharides with lipids
147
Peptidoglycan can be targeted by what that disrupts crossing linking between peptides?
Penicillin
148
How does penicillin helps kill bacteria
Cell wall weakens and burst, killing the bacterium
149
What doesn’t penicillin kill
Bacteria that cell wall which lacks peptioglycan
150
Penicillin kills gram positive or gram negative
Gram positive
151
How does bacteria move around
Flagellum
152
ATP is what
A nucleotide
153
What is MTOC
Microtuble organism center, region of cytoplasm where microtubles that separate chromosomes during cell division grow out from
154
Plant cells lack what and not all have what
Centrioles and lysosomes
155
Two functions of nucleolus
1) region where ribosomal RNA (rRNAs) are made
| 2) ribosomal rRNA combine with protein to form small and large ribosomal subunits
156
Nucleus contains what type of DNA
Linear DNA
157
Ribosomes works with what?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) to make protein translation
158
Each ribosomal subunit is composed of what
rRNA and proteins
159
White blood cells that produce antibodies are rich in what
RER
160
Antibodies are what
Proteins
161
Cells of testes and ovaries that produce testosterone and estrogen are rich in what
SER
162
Nickname for Golgi apparatus
Post office
163
Golgi apparatus cis side
Receiving side
164
Golgi apparatus trans face
Shipping side
165
In Golgi apparatus glyolipids are made where
In lumenq
166
What is this secretory paths for lipids and proteins
Er used by transport vehicle to Golgi then to cell membrane by secretory vesicles then to outside the cell
167
Transport vesicles
Membrane bond pocked dervived from membrane of rough ER and SER
168
Secretory vesicles
Derived from the membrane of Golgi
169
What is the name of the process when proteins and lipids are released from the cell
Secretion or exocytosis
170
Hydrolytic enzyme
Protein made in RER and modified in Golgi. Works best in acidic pH
171
Tonoplast
Is a membrane that encloses central vacuole
172
Is mitochondria found in all eukaryotic cells
No, almost all
173
Mitochondria membrane, describe
2 membranes with phospholipids
174
What type of DNA does mitochondria have
Circular, double stranded
175
Do lysosomes have membranes
Yes
176
Name of photosynthetic bacteria
Cyanobacteria
177
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria that lacks chloroplast but has chlorophyll
178
What is the endosymbiotic theory
the theory explains origins of mitochondria and chloroplast
179
Evidence in support of endosymbiotic theory
Both mitochondria and chloroplast surrounded by two membranes
DNA inside both are similar to bacterial DNA in size and shape.
Ribosomes inside mitochondria and chloroplast are similar to bacteria ribosomes
Both replicate binary fission- not mitosis
180
Dynamic means
Break and reforms
181
What is so important about actin filaments to us and protist
Allow muscles to contract by interacting with protein myosin and our WBC’s and amoebas to move by crawling
182
What are considered the “trucks” that move their cargo
Motor proteins
183
Motor proteins require what
Need ATP
184
What is considered the highway
Microtubule
185
Types of motor proteins
Dynein or kinesin
186
Flagellum has what type of arrangement of microtubles
9+2
187
Cilia has what type of arrangement of microtubles
9+2
188
Centrioles has what type of arrangement with microtubles
9+ 0
189
Basal body have what type of arrangement with microtubles
9+0
190
Basal body
Region where microtubles inside of flagellum tails grows out
191
Proteoglycan
Protein with 1 or more long polysaccharide attached to them
192
Types of fibrous proteins
Collagen and elastin
193
What are the three junctions between animal cells
Tight, anchoring, and communicating (gap)
194
What is the most common junction between cells
Gap/communication junction
195
Allows ions, amino acids and sugars to travel from the cytoplasm of the neighboring cell, made of protein connexon
Communication or gap junction
196
Does plants have ECM
No
197
Plants have what? Which is made up of cellulose
Primary and secondary cell walls
198
What is middle lamella
Holds plant cells together
199
How are plant cells linked (communication)
With cell membrane, not connexons
