Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis Of Reproduction And Inheritance Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
Asexual reproduction
A
Reproduction without sex
2
Q
What happens during asexual reproduction
A
Parent cells divides only once to produce genetically identical daughter cells or offspring
3
Q
How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?
A
Reproduce by asexually by binary fission
4
Q
What prokaryotes reproduce by asexually/binary fission?
A
Bacteria and archaea
5
Q
What is binary fission
A
Dividing into half
6
Q
What is the process or three steps of asexual reproduction
A
1) duplication of chromosomes
2) continue elongation of the cell and movement of copies
3) division into two daughter cells
7
Q
What are daughter cells
A
Are genetically identically to each other and parent cell
8
Q
How do eukaryotic cells reproduce
A
By completing the cell cycle (mitosis)
9
Q
The cell cycle includes
A
Interphase and mitotic phase
10
Q
What is included in the interphase
A
G1,S, G2 phase
11
Q
What is happening in interphase
A
Preparation of cells division
12
Q
Most cells spend time in what phase
A
Interphase
13
Q
What is happening in g0 phase
A
That is the resting phase
14
Q
What cells stays in the g0 phase
A
Skeletal muscle and nerve cells
15
Q
What is happening in g1 phase
A
Cells grows but doesn’t divide
16
Q
S phase stands for?
A
Synthesis
17
Q
What is happening in s phase
A
Cells duplicate its dna and chromosomes, duplication of Centrosomes begins
18
Q
What is the first gap
A
G1
19
Q
What does dna synthesis occur
A
S phase
20
Q
What is the second gap
A
G2 phase
21
Q
What is happening in G2 phase
A
Cells grows and compares for division and centrosome duplication ends
22
Q
What is the m phase
A
Mitotic phase
23
Q
What are the phases of mitosis
A
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
24
Q
What is happening in cytokinesis
A
Cytoplasm is dividing
25
What are somatic cells
All cells in our body except egg and sperm cells
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Somatic cells are produced how
Asexually by mitosis
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What allows us to grow and replace damaged/worn out somatic cells
Mitosis
28
What are gametes
Egg and sperm cells
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What are other names for gametes
Sex cells or germ cells
30
How are gametes produced
By meiosis
31
Chromosomes are made up of what material
Chromatin
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What is chromatin made up of
DNA and proteins
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Each human has _____ chromosomes in somatic cells
46
34
Chromosome duplication occurs in what phase
S phase
35
Sister chromotids are produced in what phase
S phase
36
In s phase, 46 chromosomes turns into how many chromosomes and chromotids
46 chromosomes and 92 chromotids
37
What doesn’t change in the s phase? what does then?
of chromosomes, the appearance of chromosomes
38
What is the centromere
Constricted region that hold two sister chromatids together
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In mitosis, that parent and daughter cells have _____ amount of chromosomes
Same
40
In G2 phase the cells has what inside the cell
Centrosomes
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What are Centrosomes
Regions where micro tubes grow from
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Each centrosome contains what
2 centrioles
43
What are centrioles made up of
Microtubles
44
Centrioles are only in...
Animal cells
45
In G2 phase, describe the nuclear envelope
It is still intact
46
In G2 phase, describe chromosomes
Each chromosomes consist of 2 identical sister chromatids
47
What are sister chromatids are held together at?
Centromere
48
In G2 phase, describe chromatin and chromosomes
They are loosely packed (decondensed)
49
Why are chromosomes loosely packed in G2 phase?
Due to chromatin being loosely packed
50
What is the first phase of mitosis
Prophase
51
Describe the nuclear envelope in prophase
It is still present
52
Describe chromosomes in prophase
They are tightly packed (condensed) with their sister chromatids
53
Are centrosomes present in prophase
Yes
54
What forms in prophase
Mitotic spindle beings to form
55
Mitotic spindle
Made up of spindle microtubules that guide the separation of chromosomes
56
What is the second phase of mitosis
Prometaphase
57
What happens to centrosomes in prometaphase
They are moved to the opposite poles of the cell
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Describe chromosomes in prometaphase
They are still tightly packed
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Describe nuclear membrane in prometaphase
It breaks apart and allows spindle to bind to chromosomes
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Some spindle microtubles bind to ________
Kinetochores
61
What are kinetochores
Proteins
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Where are kinetochores located
In the middle of sister chromatids
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What is the third phase of mitosis
Metaphase
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Describe centrosomes in metaphase
They are still present
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What happens in metaphase
Mitotic spindle brings all chromosomes to the middle of the cell
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Chromosomes align where in metaphase
On the metaphase plate, in the middle of the cell
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What is happening with kinetochores during mitosis
They are facing the opposite poles of the spindle
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What is the fourth phase of mitosis
Anaphase
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Are centrosomes still present in anaphase
Yes
70
Describe what happens to sister chromatids in anaphase
They separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell
71
What are daughter chromosomes
The separation of sister chromatids from each other
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Describe what happens with spindle microtubles in anaphase
The spindle attaches to kinetochores and the spindle gets shorter
73
What is the last phase of mitosis
Telephase
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How many phases in mitosis
5
75
are centrosome still present in telophase
Yes
76
Describe what happens to nuclear envelope in telephase
Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
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What happens to chromosomes in telephase
Chromosomes uncoil (decondense)
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What happens to mitotic spindle in telephase
Disassembles
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What happens after telephase
Cytokinesis occurs
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In telephase what’s is causing the cell to try to become into 2 (from the inside of the cell)
The contracting ring
81
How does the cell divide from the outside
Cleavage furrow
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What is the cleavage furrow
Is a contracting ring formed during animal cytokinesis
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Cleavage furrow only occurs in ....
Animals (not plants)
84
Contracting ring is made up of
Actin filaments
85
When are two daughter cells fully separated
In cytokinesis
86
Daughter cell
Are genetically identical to each other and to parent cell
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How do plants divide their cytoplasm
With cell wall
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How do plants divide their cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
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Cell plate
New cell wall that forms in the middle of the diving plant cell
90
What stimulates a cell to undergo mitosis
Growth factors
91
What are growth factors
Proteins that stimulate some cells to divides and some cells to grow
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What are mitogens
Proteins that stimulate some cells to divide
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What are the three ways to either start or stop mitosis
Growth factors, anchorage dependence of growth, and density dependent inhibition
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What is anchorage dependence
Cell must be in contact with a solid surface to divide
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Density dependent inhibition
Cells that are touched on all sides stop dividing
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What are checkpoints
Point in the cell cycle where the cell stops to make sure that everything is okay before moving forward
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How many checkpoints are there in mitosis
3
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What are the names of the checkpoint
G1 checkpoint or r point, g2 checkpoint, m checkpoint
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Where is the g1 or r point found
At the end of g1 phase
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What is the purpose of g1 or r point checkpoint
To make sure cells is going and DNA is not damaged
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G2 check point if found where?
Found at the end of g2 phase
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What is the purpose of g2 checkpoint
Makes sure that the cell has duplicated its DNA and chromosomes
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Where is the m checkpoint found
Found during mitosis of m phase
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What is the purpose of m checkpoint
Makes sure that all chromosomes are aligned on metaphase plate
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What happens if cells ignore the checkpoints
Tumors are created
106
What is a tumor
A mass of abnormally dividing cells, exhibiting uncontrolled cell division (mitosis)
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Benign tumor
Tumor divides but doesn’t spread, non-cancerous
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What are benign tumor
Non-cancerous
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What is unique to benign tumors
Tumors are well defined, smooth edges
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What are malignant tumors
Cancerous tumors invades surrounding tissues
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What are unique to malignant tumors
Edges are no longer defined
112
Metastasis
Tumor uses blood and lymphatic vessels to invade other body parts. The tumor can travel to other body parts
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What is a haploid
One set of chromosomes
114
How many chromosomes in a haploid cell
N=23
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What’s an example of haploid cell
Egg and sperm
116
What is the union of egg and sperm
Fertilization
117
What is a diploid zygote
A fertilized egg
118
How many chromosomes in a diploid cell
2n=46
119
What cells only have germ line
Ovary and testis
120
Sexual reproduction involves what?
The exchange of genetic material such as DNA between gametes of 2 different types
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What are the different types of gametes?
Egg and sperm
122
Mitosis produces
Body cells
123
Meiosis produces
Sex cells
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Each gamete has _____ of chromosomes of parents cells
1/2
125
Meiosis
When parent goes through 2 rounds of cell division to produce 4 daughter cells, which are genetically different from each other and parent cell
126
Meiosis produces how many gametes
4
127
Meiosis goes through how many rounds of division
2 rounds
128
Mitosis produces how many daughter cells
2
129
How many rounds of division does mitosis goes through
1 round
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Both meiosis I and II include what phases
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
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How many steps are in meiosis
4
132
What occurs before meiosis
Interphase
133
Meiosis I:
| In prophase I what happens to the nuclear envelope
It breaks apart and mitotic spindle being to form
134
Meiosis I:
| In prophase I, if there are 8 chromosomes, how many chromatids are there
16
135
Meiosis I:
| In prophase I, what happens to chromosomes
They condense and form tetrads
136
What is synapsis
Homologous chromosomes pair up
137
Meiosis I:
| In prophase I, each tetras consist how many chromatids and chromosomes
4 chromatids and 2 chromosomes
138
Where does crossing over occur
Prophase I, meiosis
139
In terms of chromosomes, where does crossing over occur
Homologous chromosomes
140
Homologous chromosomes
The same size, and have the same genes and loci (positions of genes on the chromosome), but not necessarily the same version of the genes
141
How are sister chromatids unique
They are identical
142
What can have same genes but different arrangement that can makes us have different features
Homologous chromosomes,
143
What is crossing over
Involves the exchange of DNA between non-identical(homologous) chromatids of homologous chromosomes
144
Crossing over occurs in what type of chromatids
Non identical sister chromatids
145
How does crossing over contribute to species diversity
Crossing over is one of the reasons we don’t look identical to our parents
146
Recombinant chromosome
New chromosome and is produced because of crossing over between gene I and gene II
147
What happens in metaphase 1
Homologous pairs meet in the middle
148
Independent assortment happens in what phase
Metaphase 1 of meiosis
149
What is independent assortment
Random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes of the metaphase plate
150
What are the process that makes sure we don’t look identical to our parents
Crossing over and independent assortment or chromosomes
151
Meiosis I:
| In metaphase I, what aligns on the metaphase plate
Tetrads, pairs of homologous chromosomes
152
Meiosis I:
| In metaphase I, spindle microtubles attach to what
Kinetochore
153
Meiosis I:
| In anaphase I, what happens to sister chromatids
They are no longer identical due do crossing over.
154
Is there an interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II
Yes
155
What is different about interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II
Allows cell growth and centrosome duplication but no chromosomes are being duplicated
156
What is different between meiosis I and meiosis II
of chromosomes is reduced in half in meiosis II
157
What mistakes can occur in meiosis
Nondisjunction and aneuploid
158
Nondisjunction
Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during anaphase I or anaphase II
159
Aneuploid
Gametes have one less or one extra chromosomes
160
What are the different types of aneuploid
Monosomy and trisomy
161
Monosomy
One chromosomes is absent
162
Trisomy
Extra chromosome is present
163
Monosomy humans have how many chromosomes
45 chromosomes
164
Trisomic humans has how many chromosomes
47 chromosomes
165
What is the way we can find out if there is a mistake during meiosis
By getting a karyotype
166
What is a karyotype
Picture of all chromosomes in a single cell
167
Each human somatic cell is ______ (what kind of cell)...where does the chromosomes come from
Diploid, 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs. 23 from maternal and 23 from paternal
168
What are autosomes?
Non sex chromosomes, don’t determine sex of organism
169
What are chromosomes 1-22
Autosomes
170
What are sex chromosomes
The 23rd pair
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What is important about the 23rd pair of chromosomes
Differs between female and male
172
What determines a human female
XX
173
What determines human male
XY
174
Human female 23rd pair homologous or non-homologous
Homologous
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Human male 23rd pair homologous or non-homologous
Non-homologous
176
Karyotype analysis is good for what
1) determine gender
2) normal or abnormal # of chromosomes
3) length or size of chromosomes
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If sperm only gave y, what would happen
There would be no daughters
178
What causes Down syndrome
Nondisjunction of chromosome 21 is the cause of Down syndrome
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What is another name of Down syndrome
Trisomy 21
180
How many total chromosomes does a person with Down syndrome has
47 chromosomes, 3 copies @ #21
181
What is an example of autosomal abnormalities
Down syndrome
182
Autosomal abnormalities
Are abnormalities associated chromosome pair 1-22
183
Klinefelter syndrome
Trisomy, 47 chromosomes, abnormality within sex chromosome. XXY extra X chromosome
184
Is this abnormal XYY? What would happen
Yes, nothing (normal male)
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Is this normal XXX? What would happen
No, nothing
186
Turner syndrome
X0, missing chromosome, always in girl cells. Ex of monsomy and has 45 chromosomes due to lack of X chromosomes
187
What abnormal sex chromosomes disease can’t have babies? They are sterile
Klinefelter and Turner syndrome
188
What is deletion
Part of the chromosome is deleted, making it shorter
189
What is duplication ? (That can affect an individual)
Part of the chromosome is duplicated, making it longer
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Inversion
Segment of chromosome is broken in two places, reversed and put back together
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Reciprocal translation
Nonhomologous chromosomes exchange region with each other creating two new chromosomes
192
What is the most common leukemia
CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia
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What is leukemia
Cancer
194
CML affects what
Affects cells that give rise to white blood cells, leukocytes
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How is CML formed
From a reciprocal translation in which part of chromosome 22 switches places with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9
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CML, describe chromosome
Very short chromosome 22 also know as Philadelphia chromosome...attached to it is the activated cancer
