Chapter 21: Nutrition And Digestion Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Animals fall into one of _____ categories
A
4
2
Q
All animals are what
A
Heterotrophs
3
Q
Herbivores eat what
A
Autotrophs
4
Q
Carnivores eat what
A
Other heterotrophs
5
Q
Omnivores eat
A
Both plants and animals
6
Q
Detritivores
A
Eat decomposing organisms
7
Q
What are the states of animals digesting their food
A
1) ingestion
2) digestion
3) absorption
4) Elimination
8
Q
Earthworms, birds, and grasshoppers have what
A
Crop and gizzard
9
Q
Crop
A
Stores the food
10
Q
Gizzard
A
Grinds the food
11
Q
Where does digestion begin
A
In the mouth
12
Q
Saliva does what
A
Moistens and lubricates food
13
Q
Saliva contains what
A
Antibacterial agent and amylase
14
Q
What is the tongue function
A
Tongues folds the food in the mouth into bolus and moves it toward the pharynx
15
Q
Epiglottis
A
Small flap of tissue that prevents bolus of food from going into the trachea
16
Q
What moves food through peristalsis
A
Esophagus
17
Q
Peristalsis
A
Rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contractions
18
Q
Chyme
A
A mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice
19
Q
What bacteria lives in our stomach
A
H pylori
20
Q
H pylori
A
Bacteria that causes ulcers
21
Q
Digestion and nutrient absorption occur where
A
Small intestine
22
Q
Small intestine consist of
A
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
23
Q
Duodenum is responsible for
A
Digestion
24
Q
Jejunum and ileum are responsible for
A
Absorption
25
Duodenum
Where chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas liver and gallblader
26
Accessory organs include
Salivary glands, gall bladder, liver and pancreas
27
Pancreas
Produces pancreatic juices containing digestive enyzymes- all four macromolecules & bicarbonate
28
Bicarbonate
Neutralizes acidic chyme, making it slightly basic, and its a buffer
29
Pancreas produces what hormones
Insulin and glucagon
30
Insulin and glucagon control
Blood glucose levels
31
What happens when eating a carbohydrate rich meal
Glucose level increases in blood, beta cells of pancreas produce insulin, glucose becomes converted to glycogen in liver and skeletal muscles
Insulin- decreased concentration of glucose in blood
32
When fasting or exercising what happens to glucose levels`
Decreases, gamma cells of pancreas to produce glucagon, glycogen becolmnes broken down in liver and skeletal muscles,
Glucagon - increase concentration of blood level
33
Liver produces what
Bile
34
Bile is stored where
Gallbladder until needed
35
Bile
Neither hormone or enzyme and bile salts breaks up fat into small droplets that are more susceptible to attack by lipases
36
Lipases
Chemically digest lipids
37
Pancreases produces whaat digestive enzymes
Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, nucleases, and lipase
38
Small intestine produces
Maltase, sucrase, lactase, various peptidases
39
Carbohydrates are digested where
In the mouth and small intestine
40
Carbs are digestive by what
Salivary amylase (in the mouth) and pancreatic amylase, maltase and sucrase (small intestine)
41
Proteins are digested where
In the stomach and small intestine
42
Proteins are digested by what
Pepsin (in stomach) and trypsin, chymotrypsin and various peptidases (in small intestine)
43
Lipids are digested where
Small intestine
44
Lipids are digested by what
Bile and lipase
45
Nucleic acids are digested where
Small intestine
46
Nucleic acids are digested by what
Nucleases: dnase and rnase in small intestine
47
Epithelial wall is covered with (small intestine)
Villi
48
Villi
Fingerlike projections which in turn are covered by microvilli
49
Microvilli and villi
Greatly increases surface area for absorption
50
Underneath and within villi are
Lymph and blood vessels
51
Fatty acids and glycerol recombine
Into fats which become coated with proteins and transported into the lymph vessels
52
Absorption of amino acids and monosaccharides
AA and monosaccharides pass out of intestinal epithelium into blood vessels that take them into liver for modification
53
Liver receives most what
Products of digestion except fats
54
Liver functions
Converts glucose to glycogen, stores detoxifies substances make some proteins and produce bile
55
What happens in large intestine
Unabsorbed food and undirected food materials move from the ileum to large intestine
56
What from the large intestine attaches to the appendix
Cecum
57
Large intestines functions by
Absorbing water, vitamins, and prepares feces for expulsion
58
Does large intestine digest food
No, not in humans
59
What three areas does food do not digest (in humans_
Pharynx, esophagus, large intestine
60
How can digestive systems adapt to different diets
The digestive systems of animals have evolved to fit their diets
61
Herbivores have longer _______ and larger _____ than carnivores (helps with the digestion of cellulose)
Digestive tract and cecum
62
What animals have a four chambered stomach
Cattle, deer, and sheep
63
What are the 4 chambered stomach
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasym
64
Rumen
Contains cellulose digestive bacteria
65
Abodmasum
The stomach that produces gastric juices
66
Essential nutrients cannons be made
From raw materials
67
What are 4 classes of essential nutrients
Essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals
68
Essential fatty acids
Used to make phospholipids of cell membranes and internal membrane
69
Where are fatty acids found
Found in seeds, grains, and vegetables
70
Essential amino acids
Used to make proteins
71
Where are essential amino acids found
Meats, eggs, and mild
72
Vitamins
Organic nutrients that are essential for us but in small amounts
73
What are two types of vitamins
Water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vitamins
74
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients other than C, O, H and N
75
3 important minerals
Calcium, phosphorus, and iron
76
Balanced diets helps what
Animals function efficiently
77
What does a balanced diet contain
40% carbs
30% proteins
30%fats
78
What kind of diets can be harmful
Fat diets
79
1 kcal =
1 cal = 1 calories
80
How many servings should we eat of variety of fruits and vegetables daily
Five or more
