Chapter 14 - Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Mechanical digestion
A
takes place in the mouth by chewing and in the stomach by churning actions.
2
Q
Chemical digestion
A
takes place in the mouth by the addition of the saliva and continues in the stomach with the addition of digestive juices to chemically break down the food into simpler elements.
3
Q
cardiac sphincter
A
group of muscles that regulates the opening and closing of the stomach entrance
4
Q
ileocecal sphincter
A
Located at the bottom of the ileum; sphincter muscle that relaxes to allow undigested and unabsorbed food material into the large intestine in fairly regular waves.
5
Q
hepatic flexure
A
right-angle bend of the colon under the liver
6
Q
splenic flexure
A
right-angle bend toward the spleen.
7
Q
hepatic portal system
A
group of blood vessels that transports blood and other substances to and from the liver
8
Q
absorption
A
Passing of nutrients into the bloodstream.
9
Q
alimentary canal
A
Muscular tube from the mouth to the anus; digestive tract; gastrointestinal tract.
10
Q
amino acid
A
Chemical compound that results from digestion of complex proteins.
11
Q
amylase
A
Enzyme that is part of pancreatic juice and saliva and that begins the digestion of carbohydrates.
12
Q
anal canal
A
Part of the digestive tract extending from the rectum to the anus.
13
Q
anus
A
Place at which feces exit the body.
14
Q
appendage
A
Any body part (inside or outside) either subordinate to a larger part or having no specific central function.
15
Q
appendix
A
Wormlike appendage to the cecum.
16
Q
bile
A
yellowish-brown to greenish fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in fat digestion.
17
Q
bilirubin
A
Pigment contained in bile.
18
Q
body
A
Middle section of the stomach.
19
Q
bowel
A
Intestine.
20
Q
cecum
A
pouch at the top of the large intestine connected to the bottom of the ileum.
21
Q
cheeks
A
Walls of the oral cavity.
22
Q
chyme
A
Semisolid mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.
23
Q
colon
A
Major portion of the large intestine.
24
Q
defecation
A
Release of feces from the anus.
25
deglutition
Swallowing.
26
digestion
Conversion of food into nutrients for the body and into waste products for release from the body.
27
duodenum
Top part of the small intestine where chyme mixes with bile, pancreatic juices, and intestinal juice to continue the digestive process.
28
elimination
The conversion of waste material from a liquid to a semisolid and removal of that material via defecation.
29
emulsification
Breaking down of fats.
30
enzyme
Protein that causes chemical changes in substances in the digestive tract.
31
regurgitation
Backward flow from the normal direction; emesis
32
epiglottis
Movable flap of tissue that covers the trachea.
33
esophagus
part of alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach.
34
fatty acid
acid derived from fat during the digestive process.
35
feces
Semisolid waste that moves through the large intestine to the anus, where it is released from the body.
36
frenulum
Mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
37
fundus
Upper portion of the stomach.
38
gallbladder
Organ on lower surface of liver; stores bile.
39
glucose
Sugar found in fruits and plants and stored in various parts of the body.
40
glycogen
Starch that can be converted into glucose.
41
gums
Fleshy sockets that hold the teeth.
42
hard palate
Hard anterior portion of the palate at the roof of the mouth
43
ileum
Bottom part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine.
44
jejunum
Middle section of the small intestine.
45
large intestine
Passageway in intestinal tract for waste received from small intestine to be excreted through the anus; also, place where water reabsorption takes place.
46
lingual tonsils
Two mounds of lymph tissue at the back of the tongue.
47
lipase
enzyme contained in pancreatic juice.
48
lips
Two muscular folds formed around the outside boundary of the mouth.
49
liver
Organ important in digestive and metabolic functions; secretes bile.
50
mastication
Chewing.
51
mesentery
Membranous tissue that attaches small and large intestines to the muscular wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen.
52
mouth
Cavity in the face in which food and water is ingested.
53
palatine tonsils
Mounds of lymphatic tissue on either side of the pharynx.
54
pancreas
Digestive organ that secretes digestive fluids; endocrine gland that regulates blood sugar.
55
papilla (pl., papillae)
Tiny projection on the superior surface of the tongue that contains taste buds.
56
pepsin
Digestive enzyme in gastric juice.
57
peristalsis
Coordinated, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract.
58
pharynx
Tube through which food passes to the esophagus.
59
pylorus
Narrowed bottom part of the stomach.
60
rectum
Bottom portion of large intestine; connected to anal canal.
61
rugae
Folds in stomach lining; irregular ridges of mucous membrane on the hard palate.
62
saliva
Fluid secreted by salivary glands; contains amylase.
63
salivary glands
Glands in the mouth that secrete fluids that aid in breaking down food.
64
sigmoid colon
S-shaped part of large intestine connecting at the bottom to the rectum.
65
small intestine
Twenty-foot long tube that continues the process of digestion started in the stomach; place where most absorption takes place.
66
soft palate
Soft posterior part of the palate in the mouth.
67
stomach
Large sac between the esophagus and small intestine; place where food is broken down.
68
stool
Feces.
69
throat
Pharynx.
70
tongue
Fleshy part of the mouth that moves food during mastication (and speech).
71
uvula
Cone-shaped projection hanging down from soft palate.
72
villus (pl., villi)
tiny, fingerlike projection on the lining of the small intestine with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
73
an(o)
anus
74
append(o), appendic(o)
appendix
75
bil(o), bili
bile
76
bucc(o)
cheek
77
cec(o)
cecum
78
celi(o)
abdomen
79
chol(e), cholo
bile
80
cholangi(o)
bile vessel
81
cholecyst(o)
gallbladder
82
choledoch(o)
common bile duct
83
col(o), colon(o)
colon
84
duoden(o)
duodenum
85
enter(o)
intestines
86
esophag(o)
esophagus
87
gastr(o)
stomach
88
gloss(o)
tongue
89
gluc(o)
glucose
90
glyc(o)
sugar
91
glycogen(o)
glycogen
92
hepat(o)
liver
93
ile(o)
ileum
94
jejun(o)
jejunum
95
labi(o)
lip
96
lingu(o)
tongue
97
or(o)
mouth
98
pancreat(o)
pancreas
99
periton(eo)
peritoneum
100
pharyng(o)
pharynx
101
proct(o)
anus, rectum
102
pylor(o)
pylorus
103
rect(o)
rectum
104
sial(o)
saliva, salivary gland
105
sialaden(o)
salivary gland
106
sigmoid(o)
sigmoid colon
107
steat(o) fats
steat(o) fats
108
stomat(o) mouth
stomat(o) mouth
109
ALT, AT alanine transaminase
ALT, AT alanine transaminase
110
AST aspartic acid transaminase
AST aspartic acid transaminase
111
BE barium enema
BE barium enema
112
BM bowel movement
BM bowel movement
113
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
114
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
115
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
116
GI
gastrointestinal
117
IBD
IBD
118
IBS
IBS
119
NG
nasogastric
120
NPO
nothing by mouth
121
SGOT
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
122
SGPT
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
123
TPN
total parenteral nutrition
124
UGI(S)
upper gastrointestinal (series)
125
stool culture and sensitivity test (C & S)
used to try out different medications on microorganisms to check for effectiveness.
126
chemical test of a stool specimen (hemoccult test or stool guaiac)
indicates whether there is bleeding in the digestive tract.
127
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
procedure used to examine the biliary ducts with x-ray, a contrast medium, and the use of an endoscope.
128
serum bilirubin
measures bilirubin in the blood as an indicator of jaundice.
129
alkaline phosphatase
reveals levels of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in serum as an indicator of liver disease, especially liver cancer.
130
nasogastric (NG) tube
passed through the nose to the stomach to relieve fluid buildup or to take stomach content samples for analysis; This process is called nasogastric intubation.
131
cholangiography
X-ray of the bile ducts.
132
cholecystography
X-ray of the gallbladder.
133
colonoscopy
Examination of the colon using an endoscope.
134
esophagoscopy
Examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope.
135
gastroscopy
Examination of the stomach using an endoscope.
136
peritoneoscopy
Examination of the abdominal cavity using a peritoneoscope.
137
proctoscopy
examination of the rectum and anus using a proctoscope.
138
sigmoidoscopy
Examination of the sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope.
139
Esophageal varices
twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone to hemorrhage and ulcers.
140
choledocholithiasis
The presence of gallstones in the common bile duct
141
hiatal hernia
protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
142
inguinal hernia
protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall
143
strangulated hernia
one in which blood flow is restricted or absent.
144
femoral hernia
protrusion of a loop of intestine into the femoral canal.
145
umbilical hernia
protrusion of part of the intestine into the umbilicus.
146
incarcerated hernia
one in which movement of bowel is restricted or obstructed.
147
achalasia
Inability of a muscle, particularly the cardiac sphincter, to relax.
148
achlorhydria
Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
149
anal fistula
Small opening in the anal canal through which waste matter can leak into the abdominal cavity.
150
ankyloglossia
Condition of the tongue being partially or completely attached to the bottom of the mouth.
151
anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder with extreme weight loss.
152
aphagia
Inability to swallow.
153
appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix.
154
ascites
Fluid buildup in the abdominal and peritoneal cavities.
155
bulimia
Eating disorder with bingeing and purging.
156
cheilitis
inflammation of the lips.
157
cholangitis
inflammation of the bile ducts.
158
cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
159
cholelithiasis
Gallstones in the gallbladder.
160
cirrhosis
Liver disease, often caused by alcoholism.
161
colic
Gastrointestinal distress, especially of infants.
162
colitis
Inflammation of the colon.
163
constipation
Difficult or infrequent defecation.
164
Crohn’s disease
Type of irritable bowel disease with no ulcers.
165
diarrhea
Loose, watery stool.
166
diverticula
Small pouches in the intestinal walls.
167
diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticula.
168
diverticulosis
Condition in which diverticula trap food or bacteria.
169
duodenal ulcer
Ulcer in the duodenum.
170
dysentery
Irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools.
171
dyspepsia
Indigestion.
172
dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing.
173
enteritis
Inflammation of the small intestine.
174
eructation
Belching.
175
esophagitis
Inflammation of the esophagus.
176
fistula
Abnormal opening in tissue.
177
flatulence
Gas in the stomach or intestines.
178
flatus
Gas in the lower intestinal tract that can be released through the anus.
179
gallstones
Calculi in the gallbladder.
180
gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach.
181
gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine.
182
glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue.
183
halitosis
Foul mouth odor.
184
hematemesis
blood in vomit.
185
hematochezia
Red blood in stool.
186
hemorrhoids
Swollen, twisted veins in the anus.
187
hepatitis
Inflammation or disease of the liver.
188
hepatomegaly
Enlarged liver.
189
hepatopathy
Liver disease.
190
hiatal hernia
Protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm.
191
hyperbilirubinemia
Excessive bilirubin in the blood.
192
icterus
Jaundice.
193
ileitis
Inflammation of the ileum.
194
ileus
Intestinal blockage.
195
intussusception
Prolapse or collapse of an intestinal part into a neighboring part. One section collapses into another like a telescope.
196
jaundice
Excessive bilirubin in the blood causing yellowing of the skin.
197
melena
Old blood in the stool.
198
nausea
Sick feeling in the stomach.
199
obesity
Abnormal accumulation of fat in the body.
200
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.
201
parotitis, parotiditis
Inflammation of the parotid gland.
202
peptic ulcer
Sore on the mucous membrane of the digestive system; stomach ulcer or gastric ulcer.
203
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
204
polyposis
Condition with polyps, as in the intestines.
205
proctitis
Inflammation of the rectum and anus.
206
sialoadenitis
Inflammation of the salivary glands.
207
steatorrhea
Fat in the blood.
208
ulcerative colitis
inflammation of the colon with ulcers.
209
volvulus
Intestinal blockage caused by the intestine twisting on itself.
210
abdominocentesis
Incision into the abdomen to remove fluid
| or relieve pressure.
211
anal fistulectomy
Removal of an anal fistula.
212
anastomosis
Surgical union of two hollow structures.
213
appendectomy
Removal of the appendix.
214
Billroth’s I
Excision of the pylorus.
215
Billroth’s II
Resection of the pylorus with the stomach.
216
cheiloplasty
Repair of the lips.
217
cholecystectomy
Removal of the gallbladder.
218
choledocholithotomy
Removal of stones from the common bile duct.
219
cholelithotomy
Removal of gallstones.
220
cholelithotripsy
Breaking up or crushing of stones in the body,
| especially gallstones.
221
colectomy
Removal of the colon.
222
colostomy
Creation of an opening from the colon into the abdominal wall.
223
diverticulectomy
Removal of diverticula.
224
esophagoplasty
repair of the esophagus.
225
gastrectomy
Removal of part or all of the stomach.
226
gastric resection or gastric bypass
Removal of part of the stomach and repair of the remaining part.
227
glossectomy
Removal of the tongue.
228
glossorrhaphy
Suture of the tongue.
229
hemorrhoidectomy
removal of hemorrhoids.
230
hepatic lobectomy
Removal of one or more lobes of the liver.
231
ileostomy
Creation of an opening into the ileum.
232
liver biopsy
Removal of a small amount of liver tissue to examine for disease.
233
pancreatectomy
Removal of the pancreas.
234
paracentesis
Incision into the abdominal cavity to remove fluid or relieve pressure.
235
polypectomy
Removal of polyps.
236
proctoplasty
Repair of the rectum and anus.
237
antacid
Agent that neutralizes stomach acid.
238
antidiarrheal
Agent that controls loose, watery stools.
239
antiemetic
Agent that prevents vomiting.
240
antispasmodic
Agent that controls intestinal tract spasms.
241
cathartic [kå-TH0R-t7k]
Greek katharsis, purification Agent that induces vomiting; also a strong laxative for
emptying the bowels.
cathartic [kå-TH0R-t7k]
Greek katharsis, purification Agent that induces vomiting; also a strong laxative for
emptying the bowels.
242
laxative
Agent that induces bowels to move in order to relieve
| constipation.
