Chapter 15 - Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
Prostaglandins (PGs)
A
tissue hormones
2
Q
releasing hormones
A
allowing the secretion of other hormones to take place
3
Q
inhibiting hormones
A
preventing the secretion of other hormones
4
Q
Adam’s apple Protrusion in the neck caused by a fold of thyroid
cartilage.
A
Adam’s apple Protrusion in the neck caused by a fold of thyroid
cartilage.
5
Q
adenohypophysis
A
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
6
Q
adrenal cortex
A
Outer portion of the adrenal gland; helps control metabolism, inflammations, sodium and potassium retention, and effects of stress.
7
Q
adrenal gland
A
One of two glands, each of which is situated on top of each kidney.
8
Q
adrenaline
A
Epinephrine; secreted by adrenal medulla.
9
Q
adrenal medulla
A
Inner portion of adrenal glands; releases large quantities of hormones during stress.
10
Q
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A
Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary; involved in the control of the adrenal cortex.
11
Q
aldosterone
A
Hormone secreted by adrenal cortex; mineralocorticoid.
12
Q
alpha cells
A
Specialized cells that produce glucagon in the pancreas.
13
Q
androgen
A
Any male hormone, such as testosterone.
14
Q
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A
Posterior pituitary hormone that increases water reabsorption.
15
Q
beta cells
A
Specialized cells that produce insulin in the pancreas.
16
Q
calcitonin
A
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and other endocrine glands; helps control blood calcium levels.
17
Q
catecholamines
A
Hormones, such as epinephrine, released in response to stress.
18
Q
corticosteroids
A
Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex.
19
Q
cortisol
A
Hydrocortisone.
20
Q
ductless gland
A
Endocrine gland.
21
Q
electrolyte
A
Any substance that conducts electricity and is decomposed by it.
22
Q
endocrine gland
A
Gland that secretes substances into the bloodstream instead of into ducts.
23
Q
epinephrine
A
Hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress; adrenaline.
24
Q
exocrine gland
A
Any gland that releases substances through ducts to a specific location.
25
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Hormone released by the anterior pituitary to aid in production of ova and sperm.
26
gland
Any organized mass of tissue secreting or excreting substances.
27
glucagon
Hormone released by the pancreas to increase blood sugar.
28
glucocorticoids
Hormones released by the adrenal cortex.
29
glycogen
converted glucose stored in the liver for future use.
30
growth hormone (GH)
Hormone released by the anterior pituitary for stimulating growth.
31
hormone
substance secreted by glands and carried in the bloodstream to various parts of the body.
32
hypophysis
Pituitary gland.
33
hypothalamus
Gland in the nervous system that releases hormones to aid in regulating pituitary hormones.
34
inhibiting factor
Substance in a hormone that prevents the secretion of other hormones.
35
insulin
Substance released by the pancreas to lower blood sugar.
36
islets of Langerhans
Specialized cells in the pancreas that release insulin and glucagon.
37
isthmus
Narrow band of tissue connecting the two lobes of the thyroid gland.
38
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormone released to aid in maturation of ova and ovulation in the female; and aids in the secretion of testosterone in males.
39
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Hormone released by the pituitary gland; aids in development of melanin pigment of the skin.
40
melatonin
Hormone released by the pineal gland; affects sexual function and sleep patterns.
41
metabolism
The chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities and through which new material is assimilated.
42
mineralocorticoid
Steroid secreted by adrenal cortex.
43
neurohypophysis
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland.
44
norepinephrine
Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla.
45
ovary
One of two female reproductive glands that secrete hormones in the endocrine system.
46
oxytocin
Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to aid in uterine contractions and lactation.
47
pancreas
Gland of both the endocrine system (blood sugar control) and the digestive system (as an exocrine gland).
48
parathormone (PTH)
Parathyroid hormone.
49
parathyroid
One of four glands located adjacent to the thyroid gland on its dorsal surface that help maintain levels of blood calcium.
50
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hormone released by parathyroid glands to help raise blood calcium levels.
51
pineal gland
Gland located above pituitary gland; secretes melatonin.
52
pituitary gland
Major endocrine gland; secretes hormones essential to metabolic functions.
53
receptor
Part of a target cell with properties compatible with a particular substance (hormone).
54
releasing factor
Substance in a hormone that allows secretion of other hormones.
55
somatotrophic hormone (STH)
Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland; important in growth and development.
56
suprarenal gland
Adrenal gland.
57
sympathomimetic
Mimicking functions of the sympathetic nervous system.
58
target cell
Cell with receptors that are compatible with specific hormones.
59
testis (pl., testes)
One of two male organs that secrete hormones in the endocrine system.
60
thymus gland
Gland that is part of the immune system as well as part of the endocrine system; aids in the maturation of T and B cells.
61
thyroid gland
gland with two lobes located on either side of the trachea; helps control blood calcium levels and metabolic functions.
62
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland; stimulates release of thyroid hormones.
63
thyroxine (T4)
Compound found in or manufactured for thyroid gland; helps regulate metabolism.
64
triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid hormone that stimulates growth.
65
vasopressin
Hormone secreted by pituitary gland; raises blood pressure.
66
aden(o)
gland
67
adren(o), adrenal(o)
adrenal glands
68
gluc(o)
glucose
69
glyc(o)
glycogen
70
gonad(o)
sex glands
71
pancreat(o)
pancreas
72
parathyroid(o)
parathyroid
73
thyr(o), thyroid(o)
thyroid gland
74
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
75
ADH
ADH antidiuretic hormone
76
CRH
corticotropin-releasing hormone
77
DM
diabetes mellitus
78
OT
oxytoxin
79
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
80
GH
growth hormone
81
GTT
glucose tolerance test
82
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
83
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
84
LH
luteinizing hormone
85
MSH
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
86
NIDDM
noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
87
PG
prostaglandins
88
PRL
prolactin
89
PTH
parathyroid hormone, parathormone
90
STH
somatotropin hormone
91
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
92
blood sugar, blood glucose
Test for glucose in blood.
93
fasting blood sugar
Test for glucose in blood following a fast of 12 hours.
94
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Blood test for body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates; taken after a 10–12-hour fast, then repeated every hour for 4 to 6 hours after ingestion of a sugar solution.
95
glycosylated hemoglobin A1C
Blood test for an average of glucose levels over the previous 2–3 months.
96
postprandial blood sugar
Test for glucose in blood, two hours after a meal.
97
radioactive immunoassay (RIA)
Test for measuring hormone levels in plasma; taken after radioactive solution is ingested.
98
radioactive iodine uptake
Test for how quickly the thyroid gland pulls in ingested iodine.
99
thyroid function test or study
Test for levels of TSH, T 3, and T 4 in blood plasma to determine thyroid function.
100
thyroid scan
Imaging test for thyroid abnormalities.
101
urine sugar
test for diabetes; determined by presence of sugar in urine.
102
tetany
Severe, continual muscle contractions
103
Adrenogenital syndrome
results in symptoms of excessive androgens both in men and women
104
acidosis
Abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body.
105
acromegaly
Abnormally enlarged features resulting from a pituitary tumor and hypersecretion of growth hormone.
106
Addison’s disease
Underactivity of the adrenal glands.
107
Cushing’s syndrome
Group of symptoms caused by overactivity of the adrenal glands.
108
diabetes insipidus
Condition caused by hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
109
diabetic nephropathy
Kidney disease due to diabetes.
110
diabetic neuropathy
Loss of sensation in the extremities due to diabetes.
111
diabetic retinopathy
Gradual loss of vision due to diabetes.
112
dwarfism
abnormally stunted growth caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone, congenital lack of a thyroid gland, or a genetic defect.
113
exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of the eyes typical of Graves’ disease.
114
gigantism
Abnormally fast and large growth caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone.
115
glucosuria or glycosuria
Glucose in the urine.
116
goiter
Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.
117
Graves’ disease
Overactivity of the thyroid gland.
118
hirsutism
Abnormal hair growth due to an excess of androgens.
119
hyperadrenalism
overactivity of the adrenal glands.
120
hyperparathyroidism
Overactivity of the parathyroid glands.
121
hypersecretion
Abnormally high secretion, as from a gland.
122
hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland.
123
hypoadrenalism
Underactivity of the adrenal glands.
124
hypoglycemia
Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood.
125
hypoparathyroidism
Underactivity of the parathyroid glands.
126
hyposecretion
Abnormally low secretion, as from a gland.
127
hypothyroidism
Underactivity of the thyroid gland.
128
ketoacidosis
Condition of high acid levels caused by the abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body.
129
ketosis
Condition caused by the abnormal release of ketones in the body.
130
myxedema
Advanced adult hypothyroidism.
131
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.
132
polydipsia
Excessive thirst.
133
polyuria
Excessive excretion of urine, resulting in frequent urination.
134
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
135
tetany
Neurological syndrome, usually due to decreased serum levels of calcium in the blood.
136
thyrotoxicosis
State of dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone.
137
Type I diabetes
Endocrine disorder with abnormally low or completely absent levels of insulin; also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
138
Type II diabetes
Disease caused by failure of the body to recognize insulin that is present or by an abnormally low level of insulin; also known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM); usually adult onset.
139
virilism
Condition with excessive androgen production, often resulting in the appearance of mature male characteristics in young.
140
adenectomy
Removal of a gland.
141
adrenalectomy
Removal of an adrenal gland.
142
hypophysectomy
Removal of the pituitary gland. Also called hypophysis.
143
pancreatectomy
Removal of the pancreas.
144
parathyroidectomy
Removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
145
thymectomy
Removal of the thymus gland.
146
thyroidectomy
Removal of the thyroid.
147
antihyperglycemic
Agent that lowers blood glucose.
148
antihypoglycemic
Agent that raises blood glucose.
149
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
ingestion of hormones to replace missing (or increase low levels of needed) hormones.
150
human growth hormone
Naturally occurring substance in the body that promotes growth; synthesized substance that serves the same function.
151
hypoglycemic
Agent that lowers blood glucose.
152
radioactive iodine therapy
Use of radioactive iodine to eliminate thyroid tumors.
153
steroid
A hormone or chemical substance released by several endocrine glands or manufactured in various medications.
