Chapter 9: Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
sphincter muscles
A
muscles that encircle a duct to contract or expand the duct, hold the urine in place.
2
Q
micturition
A
Excreting urine; voiding
3
Q
bladder
A
Organ where urine collects before being excreted from the body.
4
Q
Bowman’s capsule
A
After Sir William Bowman (1816–1892), English anatomist; Capsule surrounding a glomerulus and serving as a collection site for urine.
5
Q
calices, calyces (sing., calix, calyx)
A
Cup-shaped structures in the renal pelvis for the collection of urine.
6
Q
cortex
A
Outer portion of the kidney.
7
Q
creatine
A
Substance found in urine; elevated levels may indicate muscular dystrophy.
8
Q
creatinine
A
A component of creatine.
9
Q
filtration
A
Process of separating solids from a liquid by passing it through a porous substance.
10
Q
glomerulus (pl., glomeruli)
A
Group of capillaries in a nephron.
11
Q
hilum
A
Portion of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit.
12
Q
kidney
A
Organ that forms urine and reabsorbs essential substances back into the bloodstream.
13
Q
meatus
A
External opening of a canal, such as the urethra.
14
Q
medulla
A
Soft, central portion of the kidney.
15
Q
nephron
A
Functional unit of a kidney.
16
Q
prostate
A
Gland surrounding the urethra in the male; active in ejaculation of semen.
17
Q
reabsorption
A
Process of returning essential elements to the bloodstream after filtration.
18
Q
renal pelvis
A
Collecting area for urine in the center of the kidney.
19
Q
renin
A
Enzyme produced in the kidneys to regulate the filtration rate of blood by increasing blood pressure as necessary.
20
Q
retroperitoneal
A
Posterior to the peritoneum.
21
Q
trigone
A
Triangular area at the base of the bladder through which the ureters enter and the urethra exits the bladder.
22
Q
urea
A
Waste product of nitrogen metabolism excreted in normal adult urine.
23
Q
ureter
A
One of two tubes that conduct urine from the kidney to the bladder.
24
Q
urethra
A
Tube through which urine is transported from the bladder to the exterior of the body.
25
uric acid
Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine.
26
urinary system
Body system that forms and excretes urine and helps in the reabsorption of essential substances.
27
urine
Fluid excreted by the urinary system.
28
cali(o), calic(o)
calix
29
cyst(o)
bladder, especially the urinary bladder
30
glomerul(o)
glomerulus
31
meat(o)
meatus
32
nephr(o)
kidney
33
pyel(o)
renal pelvis
34
ren(o)
kidney
35
trigon(o)
trigone
36
ur(o), urin(o)
urine
37
ureter(o)
ureter
38
urethr(o)
urethra
39
-uria
of urine
40
vesic(o)
bladder, generally used when describing something in relation to a bladder
41
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
42
A/G
albumin/globulin
43
AGN
acute glomerulonephritis
44
ARF
acute renal failure
45
BNO
bladder neck obstruction
46
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
47
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
48
Cath
catheter
49
CRF
chronic renal failure
50
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
51
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
52
HD
hemodialysis
53
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
54
K +
potassium
55
KUB
kidney, ureter, bladder
56
Na +
sodium
57
pH
power of hydrogen concentration
58
PKU
phenylketonuria
59
RP
retrograde pyelogram
60
SG
specific gravity
61
UA
urinalysis
62
UTI
urinary tract infection
63
VCU, VCUG
voiding cystourethrogram
64
acetone
type of ketone normally found in urine in small quantities; found in larger quantities in diabetic urine.
65
albumin
Simple protein; when leaked into urine, may indicate a kidney problem.
66
bilirubin
Substance produced in the liver; elevated levels may indicate liver disease or hepatitis when found in urine.
67
casts
Materials formed in urine when protein accumulates; may indicate renal disease.
68
condom catheter
Disposable catheter for urinary sample collection or incontinence.
69
cystoscope
Tubular instrument for examining the interior of the bladder.
70
cystoscopy
The insertion of a cystoscope to examine the bladder with light.
71
dialysis
Method of filtration used when kidneys fail.
72
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Breaking of kidney stones by using shock waves from outside the body.
73
Foley catheter
After F. E. B. Foley (1891–1966), American urologist Indwelling catheter held in place by a balloon that inflates inside the bladder.
74
glucose
Form of sugar found in the blood; may indicate diabetes when found in the urine.
75
hemodialysis
Dialysis performed by passing blood through a filter outside the body and returning filtered blood to the body.
76
indwelling
Of a type of catheter inserted into the body.
77
ketone
Substance that results from the breakdown of fat; indicates diabetes or starvation when present in the urine.
78
kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
X-ray of three parts of the urinary system.
79
peritoneal dialysis
Type of dialysis in which liquid that extracts substances from blood is inserted into the peritoneal cavity and later emptied outside the body.
80
pH
Measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution such as urine.
81
phenylketones
Substances that, if accumulated in the urine of infants, indicate phenylketonuria (PKU), a disease treated by diet.
82
renogram
Radioactive imaging of kidney function after introduction of a substance that is filtered through the kidney while it is observed.
83
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
X-ray of the bladder and ureters after a contrast medium is injected into the bladder.
84
specific gravity
Measurement of the concentration of wastes, minerals, and solids in urine.
85
urinalysis
Examination of the properties of urine.
86
voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU, VCUG)
X-ray image made after introduction of a contrast medium and while urination is taking place.
87
albuminuria
Presence of albumin in urine, usually indicative of disease.
88
anuria
Lack of urine formation.
89
atresia
Abnormal narrowing, as of the ureters or urethra.
90
bladder cancer
Malignancy of the bladder.
91
Bright’s disease
Inflammation of the glomeruli that can result in kidney failure.
92
cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder.
93
cystocele
Hernia of the bladder.
94
cystolith
Bladder stone.
95
dysuria
Painful urination.
96
edema
Retention of water in cells, tissues, and cavities, sometimes due to kidney disease.
97
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
The last stages of kidney failure.
98
enuresis
Urinary incontinence.
99
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys.
100
hematuria
Blood in the urine.
101
hydronephrosis
Abnormal collection of urine in the kidneys due to a blockage.
102
incontinence
inability to prevent excretion of urine or feces.
103
ketonuria
Increased urinary excretion of ketones, usually indicative of diabetes or starvation.
104
kidney failure
Loss of kidney function.
105
nephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys.
106
nephroma
Any renal tumor.
107
nephrosis
Disorder caused by loss of protein in the urine.
108
nocturia
Frequent nighttime urination.
109
oliguria
Scanty urine production.
110
polycystic kidney disease
Condition with many cysts on and within the kidneys.
111
polyuria
Excessive urination.
112
proteinuria protein
Abnormal presence of protein in the urine.
113
pyelitis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis.
114
pyuria
Pus in the urine.
115
uremia
Excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
116
urinary tract infection (UTI)
Infection of the urinary tract.
117
Wilms’ tumor
After Max Wilms (1867–1918), German surgeon; Malignant kidney tumor found primarily in young children; nephroblastoma.
118
cystectomy
Surgical removal of the bladder.
119
cystopexy
Surgical fixing of the bladder to the abdominal wall.
120
cystoplasty
Surgical repair of the bladder.
121
cystorrhaphy
Suturing of a damaged bladder.
122
intracorporeal electrohyrdraulic lithotripsy
Use of an endoscope to break up stones.
123
lithotomy
Surgical removal of bladder stones.
124
meatotomy
Surgical enlargement of the meatus.
125
nephrectomy
Removal of a kidney.
126
nephrolithotomy
Surgical removal of a kidney stone.
127
nephrolysis
Removal of kidney adhesions.
128
nephropexy
Surgical fixing of a kidney to the abdominal wall.
129
nephrorrhaphy
Suturing of a damaged kidney.
130
nephrostomy
Establishment of an opening from the renal pelvis to the outside of the body.
131
pyeloplasty
Surgical repair of the renal pelvis.
132
pyelotomy
Incision into the renal pelvis.
133
resectoscope
Type of endoscope for removal of lesions.
134
ureterectomy
Surgical removal of all or some of a ureter.
135
ureteroplasty
Surgical repair of a ureter.
136
ureterorrhaphy
Suturing of a ureter.
137
urethropexy
Surgical fixing of the urethra.
138
urethroplasty
Surgical repair of the urethra.
139
urethrorrhaphy
Suturing of the urethra.
140
urethrostomy
Establishment of an opening between the urethra and the exterior of the body.
141
urethrotomy
Surgical incision of a narrowing in the urethra.
142
urology
Medical specialty that diagnoses and treats the urinary system and the male reproductive system.
143
urostomy
Establishment of an opening in the abdomen to the exterior of the body for the release of urine.
144
antispasmodic
Pharmacological agent that relieves spasms; also decreases frequency of urination.
145
diuretic
Pharmacological agent that increases urination.
