Chapter 5 - Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(363 cards)
1
Q
axial portion of the skeleton
A
includes the trunk and head
2
Q
appendicular portion of the skeleton
A
includes the limbs
3
Q
long bone
A
Any bone of the extremities with a shaft; The longest portion of a long bone is called the shaft.
4
Q
femur
A
Long bone of the thigh; The femur is the longest bone in the body.
5
Q
radius
A
Shorter bone of the forearm; bone in line with thumb
6
Q
ulna
A
Larger bone of the forearm; bone in line with pinky
7
Q
Flexion
A
the bending of a limb.
8
Q
Extension
A
the straightening of a limb.
9
Q
Rotation
A
the circular move ment of a part, such as the neck.
10
Q
Abduction
A
move ment away fro m the body.
11
Q
Adduction
A
move ment toward the body.
12
Q
Supination
A
a turning up, as of the hand.
13
Q
Pronation
A
a turning down, as of the hand.
14
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
a bending up, as of the ankle.
15
Q
Plantar flexion
A
a bending down, as of the ankle.
16
Q
acetabulum
A
Cup-shaped depression in the hip bone into which the top of the femur fits.
17
Q
acromion
A
Part of the scapula that connects to the clavicle.
18
Q
amphiarthrosis (pl., amphiarthoses)
A
Cartilaginous joint having some movement at the union of two bones.
19
Q
ankle
A
Hinged area between the lower leg bones and the bones of the foot.
20
Q
articular cartilage
A
Cartilage at a joint.
21
Q
articulation
A
Point at which two bones join together to allow movement.
22
Q
atlas
A
First cervical vertebra.
23
Q
axis
A
Second cervical vertebra.
24
Q
bone
A
hard connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body.
25
bone head
Upper, rounded end of a bone.
26
bone phagocyte
Bone cell that ingests dead bone and bone debris.
27
bursa (pl., bursae)
Sac lined with a synovial membrane that fills the spaces between tendons and joints.
28
calcaneus
Heel bone.
29
calcium
Mineral important in the formation of bone.
30
cancellous bone
Spongy bone with a latticelike structure.
31
cardiac muscle
Striated involuntary muscle of the heart.
32
carpus or carpal bone
Wrist or wrist bone.
33
cartilage
Flexible connective tissue found in joints, fetal skeleton, and the lining of various parts of the body.
34
cartilaginous
Thick, circular mass of cartilage between the vertebrae of the spinal column.
35
cervical vertebrae
Seven vertebrae of the spinal column located in the neck.
36
clavicle
Curved bone of the shoulder that joins to the scapula; collar bone.
37
coccyx
Small bone consisting of four fused vertebrae at the end of the spinal column; tailbone.
38
compact bone
Hard bone with a tightly woven structure.
39
condyle
Rounded surface at the end of a bone.
40
crest
Bony ridge.
41
diaphysis
Long middle section of a long bone; shaft.
42
diarthroses (sing., diarthrosis)
Freely movable joints.
43
dorsal vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae.
44
elbow
Joint between the upper arm and the forearm.
45
endosteum
Lining of the medullary cavity.
46
epiphyseal plate
Cartilaginous tissue that is replaced during growth years, but eventually calcifies and disappears when growth stops.
47
ethmoid bone
Irregular bone of the face attached to the sphenoid bone.
48
ethmoid sinuses
Sinuses on both sides of the nasal cavities between each eye and the sphenoid sinus.
49
fascia (pl., fasciae)
Sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses muscles.
50
fibula
Smallest long bone of the lower leg.
51
fissure
Deep furrow or slit.
52
flat bones
Thin, flattened bones that cover certain areas, as of the skull.
53
fontanelle
Soft, membranous section on top of an infant’s skull.
54
foramen
Opening or perforation through a bone.
55
foramen magnum
Opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
56
fossa (pl., fossae)
Depression, as in a bone.
57
frontal bone
Large bone of the skull that forms the top of the head and forehead.
58
frontal sinuses
Sinuses above the eyes.
59
heel
Back, rounded portion of the foot.
60
humerus
Long bone of the arm connecting to the scapula on top and the radius and ulna at the bottom.
61
ilium
Wide portion of the hip bone.
62
insertion
Point at which a muscle attaches to a movable bone.
63
involuntary muscle
Muscle not movable at will.
64
irregular bones
Any of a group of bones with a special shape to fit into certain areas of the skeleton, such as the skull.
65
ischium
One of three fused bones that form the pelvic girdle.
66
joint
Place of joining between two or more bones.
67
lacrimal bone
Thin, flat bone of the face.
68
lamina (pl., laminae)
Thin, flat part of either side of the arch of a vertebra.
69
ligament
Sheet of fibrous tissue connecting and supporting bones; attaches bone to bone.
70
lumbar vertebrae
Five vertebrae of the lower back.
71
malleolus (pl., malleoli)
Rounded protrusion of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle.
72
mandible
U-shaped bone of the lower jaw.
73
mandibular bone
Mandible.
74
marrow
Connective tissue filling the medullary cavity, often rich in nutrients.
75
mastoid process
Protrusion of the temporal bone that sits behind
| the ear.
76
maxillary bone
Bone of the upper jaw.
77
maxillary sinus
Sinus on either side of the nasal cavity below the eyes.
78
medullary cavity
Soft center cavity in bone that often holds marrow.
79
metacarpal
One of five bones of the hand between the wrist and the fingers.
80
metaphysis
Section of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
81
metatarsal bones
Bones of the foot between the instep (arch) and the toes.
82
muscle
Contractile tissue that plays a major role in body movement.
83
musculoskeletal system
System of the body including the muscles and skeleton.
84
nasal bones
Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
85
nasal cavity
Cavity on either side of the nasal septum.
86
neural canal
Space through which the spinal cord passes.
87
nucleus pulposus
Fibrous mass in the center portion of the intervertebral disk.
88
occipital bone
Bone that forms the lower back portion of the skull.
89
olecranon
Curved end of the ulna to which tendons of the arm muscles attach; bony prominence of the elbow.
90
origin
Point at which muscles attach to stationary bone.
91
osseous tissue
Connective tissue into which calcium salts are deposited.
92
ossification
Hardening into bone.
93
osteoblast
Cell that forms bone.
94
osteoclast
Large cell that reabsorbs and removes osseous tissue.
95
osteocyte
Bone cell.
96
palatine bone
Bone that helps form the hard palate and nasal cavity; located behind the maxillary bones.
97
parietal bone
Flat, curved bone on either side of the upper part of the skull.
98
patella
Large, sesamoid bone that forms the kneecap.
99
pelvic cavity
Cup-shaped cavity formed by the large bones of the pelvic girdle; contains female reproductive organs, sigmoid colon, bladder, and rectum.
100
pelvic girdle
Hip bones.
101
pelvis
Cup-shaped ring of bone and ligaments at the base of the trunk.
102
periosteum
Fibrous membrane covering the surface of bone.
103
phalanges (sing., phalanx)
Long bones of the fingers and toes.
104
phosphorus
Mineral important to the formation of bone.
105
process
Bony outgrowth or projection.
106
pubes
Anteroinferior portion of the hip bone.
107
pubic symphysis
Joint between the two public bones.
108
rib
One of twenty-four bones that form the chest wall.
109
sacrum
Next-to-last spinal vertebra made up of five fused bones; vertebra that forms part of the pelvis.
110
scapula
Large flat bone that forms the shoulder blade.
111
sella turcica
Bony depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located.
112
sesamoid bone
Bone formed in a tendon over a joint.
113
shin
Anterior ridge of the tibia.
114
short bones
Square-shaped bones with approximately equal dimensions on all sides.
115
sinus
Hollow cavity, especially either of two cavities on the sides of the nose.
116
skeleton
Bony framework of the body.
117
smooth muscle
Fibrous muscle of internal organs that acts involuntarily.
118
sphenoid bone
Bone that forms the base of the skull.
119
sphenoid sinus
Sinus above and behind the nose.
120
spinal column
Column of vertebrae at the posterior of the body, from the neck to the coccyx.
121
spinous process
Protrusion from the center of the vertebral arch.
122
spongy bone
Bone with an open latticework filled with connective tissue or marrow.
123
sternum
Long, flat bone that forms the midline of the anterior of the thorax.
124
striated muscle
Muscle with a ribbed appearance that is controlled at will.
125
styloid process
Peg-shaped protrusion from a bone.
126
sulcus (pl., sulci)
Groove or furrow in the surface of bone.
127
suture
joining of two bone parts with a fibrous membrane.
128
symphysis
Type of cartilaginous joint uniting two bones.
129
synarthrosis
Fibrous joint with no movement.
130
synovial fluid
Fluid that serves to lubricate joints.
131
synovial joint
A joint that moves.
132
synovial membrane
Connective tissue lining the cavity of joints and producing the synovial fluid.
133
tarsus or tarsal bones
Seven bones of the instep (arch of the foot).
134
temporal bone
Large bone forming the base and sides of the skull.
135
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Joint of the lower jaw between the temporal bone and the mandible.
136
tendon
Fibrous band that connects muscle to bone or other structures.
137
thoracic vertebrae
Twelve vertebrae of the chest area.
138
thorax
Part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; chest.
139
tibia
Larger of the two lower leg bones.
140
transverse process
Protrusion on either side of the vertebral arch.
141
trochanter
Bony protrusion at the upper end of the femur.
142
true ribs
Seven upper ribs of the chest that attach to the sternum.
143
tubercle
Slight bony elevation to which a ligament or muscle may be attached.
144
tuberosity
Large elevation in the surface of a bone.
145
vertebra (pl., vertebrae)
One of the bony segments of the spinal column.
146
vertebral body
Main portion of the vertebra, separate from the arches of the vertebra.
147
vertebral column
Spinal column.
148
visceral muscle
Smooth muscle.
149
vitamin D
Vitamin important to the formation of bone.
150
voluntary muscle
Striated muscle.
151
vomer
Flat bone forming the nasal septum.
152
zygomatic bone
Bone that forms the cheek.
153
acetabul(o)
acetabulum
154
acromi(o)
end point of the scapula
155
ankyl(o
bent, crooked
156
arthr(o)
joint
157
brachi(o)
arm
158
burs(o)
bursa
159
calcane(o)
heel
160
calci(o)
calcium
161
carp(o)
wrist
162
cephal(o)
head
163
cervic(o)
neck
164
chondr(o)
cartilage
165
condyl(o)
knob, knuckle
166
cost(o)
rib
167
crani(o)
skull
168
dactyl(o)
fingers, toes
169
fasci(o)
fascia
170
femor(o)
femur
171
fibr(o)
fiber
172
humer(o)
humerus
173
ili(o)
ilium
174
ischi(o)
ischium
175
kyph(o)
hump; bent
176
lamin(o)
lamina
177
leiomy(o)
smooth muscle
178
lumb(o)
lumbar
179
maxill(o)
upper jaw
180
metacarp(o)
metacarpal
181
my(o)
muscle
182
myel(o)
spinal cord; bone marrow
183
oste(o)
bone
184
patell(o)
knee
185
ped(i), ped(o)
foot
186
pelv(i)
pelvis
187
phalang(o)
finger or toe bone
188
pod(o)
foot
189
pub(o)
pubis
190
rachi(o)
spine
191
radi(o)
forearm bone
192
rhabd(o)
rod-shaped
193
rhabdomy(o)
striated muscle
194
scapul(o)
scapula
195
scoli(o)
curved
196
spondyl(o)
vertebra
197
stern(o)
sternum
198
synov(o)
synovial membrane
199
tars(o)
tarsus
200
ten(o), tend(o), tendin(o)
tendon
201
thorac(o)
thorax
202
tibi(o)
tibia
203
uln(o)
ulna
204
vertebr(o)
vertebra
205
A-K
above the knee (amputation)
206
ASIS
anterior superior iliac spine
207
B
bilateral
208
B-K
below the knee (amputation)
209
C 1, C 2, etc.
first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc.
210
Ca
calcium
211
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
212
D 1, D 2, etc.
first dorsal vertebra, second dorsal vertebra, etc. (now referred to as first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.)
213
DJD
degenerative joint disease
214
DTR
deep tendon reflex
215
EMG
electromyogram
216
Fx
fracture
217
IM
intramuscularly
218
L
left
219
L 1, L 2, etc.
first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc.
220
MCP
metacarpophalangeal
221
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
222
OA
osteoarthritis
223
P
phosphorus
224
PIP
proximal interphalangeal joints
225
PSIS
posterior superior iliac spine
226
R
right
227
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
228
ROM
range of motion
229
T1, T 2, etc.
first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.
230
TMJ
temporomandibular joint
231
arthrography
Radiography of a joint.
232
arthroscopy
Examination with an instrument that explores the interior of a joint.
233
bone scan
Radiographic or nuclear medicine image of a bone.
234
chiropractor
Health care professional who works to align the spinal column so as to treat certain ailments.
235
densitometer
Device that measures bone density using light and x-rays.
236
diskography
Radiographic image of an intervertebral disk by injection of a contrast medium into the center of the disk.
237
electromyogram
A graphic image of muscular action using electrical currents.
238
goniometer
Instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint.
239
myelography
Radiographic imaging of the spinal cord.
240
orthopedist or orthopedic surgeon
Physician who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
241
osteopath
Physician who combines manipulative treatment with conventional therapeutic measures.
242
podiatrist
Medical specialist who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the foot.
243
rheumatoid factor test
Test used to detect rheumatoid arthritis.
244
rheumatologist
Physician who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the joints and musculoskeletal system.
245
serum calcium
Test for calcium in the blood.
246
serum creatine phosphokinase
Enzyme active in muscle contraction; usually phosphokinase is elevated after a myocardial infarction and in the presence of other degenerative muscle diseases.
247
serum phosphorus
Test for phosphorus in the blood.
248
Tinel’s sign
“Pins and needles” sensation felt when an injured nerve site is tapped.
249
uric acid test
Test for acid content in urine; elevated levels may indicate gout.
250
avulsion fracture
caused by the pulling of a ligament
251
intracapsular fracture
fracture within the capsule of a joint.
252
ankylosis
Stiffening of a joint, especially as a result of disease.
253
arthralgia
Severe joint pain.
254
arthritis
Any of various conditions involving joint inflammation.
255
atrophy
Wasting away of tissue, organs, and cells, usually as a result of disease or loss of blood supply.
256
bony necrosis
Death of portions of bone.
257
bunion
An inflamed bursa at the foot joint, between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone.
258
bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa.
259
calcar
Spur.
260
carpal tunnel syndrome
Pain and paresthesia in the hand due to repetitive motion injury of the median nerve.
261
chondromalacia
Softening of cartilage.
262
closed fracture
Fracture with no open skin wound.
263
Colles’ fracture
Fracture of the lower end of the radius.
264
comminuted fracture
Fracture with shattered bones.
265
complex fracture
Fracture with part of the bone displaced.
266
complicated fracture
Fracture involving extensive soft tissue injury.
267
compound fracture
Fracture with an open skin wound; open fracture.
268
compression fracture
Fracture of one or more vertebrae caused by compressing of the space between the vertebrae.
269
contracture
Extreme resistance to the stretching of a muscle.
270
crepitation, crepitus
noise made by rubbing together of bones.
271
degenerative arthritis
Arthritis with erosion of the cartilage.
272
dislocation
Movement of a joint out of its normal position as a result of an injury or sudden, strenuous movement.
273
dystonia
Abnormal tone in tissues.
274
epiphysitis
Inflammation of the epiphysis.
275
exostosis
Abnormal bone growth capped with cartilage.
276
flaccid
Without tone; relaxed.
277
fracture
A break, especially in a bone.
278
gouty arthritis, gout
Inflammation of the joints, present in gout; usually caused by uric acid crystals.
279
greenstick fracture
Fracture with twisting or bending of the bone but no breaking; usually occurs in children.
280
hairline fracture
Fracture with no bone separation or fragmentation.
281
herniated disk
protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the neural canal.
282
hypertrophy
Abnormal increase as in muscle size.
283
hypotonia
Abnormally reduced muscle tension.
284
impacted fracture
Fracture in which a fragment from one part of the fracture is driven into the tissue of another part.
285
incomplete fracture
Fracture that does not go entirely through a bone.
286
kyphosis
Abnormal posterior spine curvature.
287
leiomyoma
Benign tumor of smooth muscle.
288
leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of smooth muscle.
289
lordosis
abnormal anterior spine curvature resulting in a sway back.
290
muscular dystrophy
Progressive degenerative disorder affecting the musculoskeletal system and, later, other organs.
291
myalgia
Muscle pain.
292
myeloma
Bone marrow tumor.
293
myodynia
Muscle pain.
294
myoma
Benign muscle tumor.
295
myositis
Inflammation of a muscle.
296
open fracture
Fracture with an open skin wound; compound fracture.
297
ostealgia
Bone pain.
298
osteoarthritis
Arthritis with loss of cartilage.
299
osteodynia
Bone pain.
300
osteoma
Benign bone tumor, usually on the skull or mandible.
301
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone marrow and surrounding bone.
302
osteoporosis
Degenerative thinning of bone.
303
osteosarcoma
Malignant tumor of bone.
304
pathological fracture
Fracture occurring at the site of already damaged bone.
305
phantom limb; phantom pain
Pain felt in a paralyzed or amputated limb.
306
physical therapy
Movement therapy to restore use of damaged areas of the body.
307
podagra
Pain in the big toe, often associated with gout.
308
rhabdomyoma
Benign tumor in striated muscle.
309
rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor in striated muscle.
310
rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue.
311
rickets
Disease of the skeletal system, usually caused by vitamin D deficiency.
312
rigidity
Stiffness.
313
rigor
Stiffening.
314
sciatica
Pain in the lower back, usually radiating down the leg, from a herniated disk or other injury or condition.
315
scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column.
316
sequestrum
Piece of dead tissue or bone separated from the surrounding area.
317
simple fracture
Fracture with no open skin wound.
318
spasm
Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.
319
spastic
Tending to have spasms.
320
spina bifida
Congenital defect with deformity of the spinal column.
321
spinal curvature
Abnormal curvature of the spine.
322
spondylolisthesis
Degenerative condition in which one vertebra
| misaligns with the one below it; slipped disk.
323
spondylolysis
Degenerative condition of the moving part of a vertebra.
324
sprain
Injury to a joint without dislocation or fracture. (can involve a ligament). This is worse than a strain and often takes longer to heal than does a fracture and can be more painful.
325
spur
Bony projection growing out of a bone; calcar.
326
strain
Injury to a muscle as a result of improper use or overuse.
327
subluxation
Partial dislocation, as between joint surfaces.
328
talipes calcaneus
Deformity of the heel resulting from weakened calf muscles.
329
talipes valgus
Foot deformity characterized by eversion of the foot.
330
talipes varus
Foot deformity characterized by inversion of the foot.
331
tendinitis, tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon.
332
tetany
Painfully long muscle contraction.
333
tremor
Abnormal, repetitive muscle contractions.
334
open reduction
done surgically to repair either fractured or dislocated
| bones
335
closed reduction
external manipulation used for dislocated bones, such as a shoulder bone.
336
amputation
Cutting off of a limb or part of a limb.
337
arthrocentesis
Removal of fluid from a joint with use of a puncture needle.
338
arthrodesis
Surgical fusion of a joint to stiffen it.
339
arthroplasty
Surgical replacement or repair of a joint.
340
bone grafting
Transplantation of bone from one site to another.
341
bunionectomy
Removal of a bunion.
342
bursectomy
Removal of a bursa.
343
casting
Forming of a cast in a mold; placing of fiberglass or plaster over a body part to prevent its movement.
344
external fixation device
Device applied externally to hold a limb in place.
345
internal fixation device
Device, such as a pin, inserted in bone to hold it in place.
346
laminectomy
Removal of part of an intervertebral disk.
347
myoplasty
Surgical repair of muscle tissue.
348
orthosis or orthotic
external appliance used to immobilize or assist the movement of the spine or limbs.
349
osteoclasis
Breaking of a bone in order to repair or reposition it.
350
osteoplasty
Surgical replacement or repair of bone.
351
osteotomy
Cutting of bone.
352
prosthetic device
Artificial device used as a substitute for a missing or diseased body part.
353
reduction
Return of a part to its normal position.
354
splinting
Applying a splint to immobilize a body part.
355
spondylosyndesis
Fusion of two or more spinal vertebrae.
356
synovectomy
Removal of part or all of a joint’s synovial membrane.
357
tenotomy
Surgical cutting of a tendon.
358
traction
Dragging or pulling or straightening of something, as a limb, by attachment of elastic or other devices.
359
analgesic
Agent that relieves pain.
360
anti-inflammatory (corticosteroid)
Agent that reduces inflammation.
361
muscle relaxant
Agent that relieves muscle stiffness.
362
narcotic
Agent that relieves pain by affecting the body in ways that are similar to opium.
363
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Agent that reduces inflammation without the use of steroids.
