chapter 17

Question 1

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Answer 1

arteries

Question 2

blood vessels returning blood to the heart

Answer 2

veins

Question 3

where is the heart located?

Answer 3

in the mediastinum between the second rib and fifth intercoastal space

Question 4

double walled sac that encloses the heart

Answer 4

pericardium

Question 5

epithelial membrane that covers the pericardium

Answer 5

serosa

Question 6

2 layers of the serosa

Answer 6

parietal layer

visceral layer

Question 7

major veins of the heart

Answer 7

small cardiac vein
anterior cardiac vein
coronary sinus
great cardiac veins

Question 8

major arteries of the coronary circulation

Answer 8

right and left coronary artery
marginal artery
circumflex artery
anterior and posterior interventricular artery

Question 9

which side of the heart is the pump for the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 9

right heart

Question 10

which side of the heart is the pump for the systemic circuit?

Answer 10

left heart

Question 11

valves between the atria and ventricles

Answer 11

atrioventricular valves

AV valves

Question 12

what connects smooth muscle cells and allows for ions to pass freely from cell to cell?

Answer 12

gap junctions

Question 13

The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs

Answer 13

Right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > lungs

Question 14

Pathways of blood from the lungs through the heart

Answer 14

Lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > systemic circulation

Question 15

Describe the cardiac muscle cells

Answer 15

striated, short, fat, branched, and interconnected

Question 16

3 ion channels of cardiac muscles

Answer 16

1. Na+ channels for Na + inflow
2. K + channels for K + outflow
3. Ca2+ channels for Ca2+ inflow

Question 17

what triggers the opening of Ca sensitive channels in the SR

Answer 17

Ca influx

Question 18

where is the tricuspid valve located?

Answer 18

between the right atrium and ventricle

Question 19

where is the mitral valve located?

Answer 19

between the left atrium and ventricle

Question 20

to which side of the body is the apex of the heart pointed?

Answer 20

left hip

Question 21

what marks the exterior boundary between the ventricles?

Answer 21

anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 22

cardiac muscle tissue is found in which layer of the heart?

Answer 22

myocardium

Question 23

valve between the right atrium and ventricle

Answer 23

tricuspid

Question 24

valve between the left atrium and ventricle

Answer 24

bicuspid or mitral valve

Question 25

the anterior surface of the heart consists mostly of what chamber?

Answer 25

right ventricle

Question 26

structure that prevents prolapse of the atrioventricular valves

Answer 26

chordae tendineae

Question 27

how does oxygenated blood return to the heart?

Answer 27

through the pulmonary veins

Question 28

where blood goes when it is pumped out of the left ventricle?

Answer 28

aorta

Question 29

what prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle?

Answer 29

aortic semilunar valve

Question 30

where does deoxygenated blood from the myocardium enter the right atrium through?

Answer 30

the coronary sinus

Question 31

period of time when atrial repolarization occurs

Answer 31

QRS complex

Question 32

another name for atrioventricular groove

Answer 32

coronary sulcus

Question 33

where is 2/3rd of the heart located?

Answer 33

left of the midsternal line

Question 34

2 layers of the pericardium

Answer 34

parietal and visceral

Question 35

what covers the pericardium?

Answer 35

the serosa

Question 36

3 ion channels of cardiac muscle

Answer 36

Ca - calcium NA - sodium K - potassium

Question 37

The epicardium is also what layer of the pericardium?

Answer 37

the visceral layer

Question 38

tough outer layer surrounding the pericardium

Answer 38

the superficial fibrous pericardium

Question 39

what is it called when all cardiac muscle cells act as if they are one big cell?

Answer 39

functional syncytium

Question 40

what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Answer 40

the myocardium

Question 41

what do cardiac muscle cells have more of compared to skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 41

mitochondria

Question 42

what causes action potential in cardiac muscle cells

Answer 42

Calcium

Question 43

what causes repolarization in cardiac muscle cells

Answer 43

inactivation of the Ca channels and opening of voltage gates K+ channels

Question 44

what is the voltage change during depolarization

Answer 44

-90mV to +30mV

Question 45

which ventricle has a thicker wall?

Answer 45

the left ventricle

Question 46

where does the myocardium receive its blood supply from?

Answer 46

coronary arteries

Question 47

what provides collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle

Answer 47

anastomoses

Question 48

where are trabeculae carnae found?

Answer 48

in the ventricles

Question 49

function of auricles

Answer 49

increase volume of the atria

Question 50

where does the right atria receive blood from?

Answer 50

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

Question 51

what cone shaped muscles do both ventricles have?

Answer 51

papillary muscles

Question 52

what muscles are found in the atria?

Answer 52

pectinate muscles