Chapter 22 Flashcards
1
Q
What are lacteals?
A
SPECIALIZED LYMPH CAPILLARIES THAT DRAIN THE FLUID FROM THE TISSUES
2
Q
where do all the capillaries empty into?
A
Collecting duct
3
Q
Where does the thoracic duct empty into?
A
left subclavian vein
4
Q
direction that lymph travels in
A
from the tissues toward the heart
5
Q
where does the right lymphatic duct empty into?
A
Right subclavian vein
6
Q
5 types of Lymphoid cells
A
B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophages Dendritic cells Reticular cells
7
Q
lymph organs
A
Lymph nodes Spleen Tonsils Thymus Red bone marrow
8
Q
2 types of lymphoid tissues
A
Diffuse lymphatic tissues
Lymphatic follicles
9
Q
where does lymphocyte proliferation happen?
A
in lymphoid tissues
10
Q
function of the afferent vessles
A
Bring fluid to the lymph nodes
11
Q
what is white pulp made of
A
lymphocytes on reticular fibers
12
Q
site of lymphocyte maturation
A
Thymus
13
Q
Simplest lymphoid organ
A
Tonsils
14
Q
location of palatine tonsils
A
Posterior end of oral cavity
15
Q
location of lingual tonsils
A
At base of tongue
16
Q
location of Pharyngeal tonsils
A
Found in posterior wall of nasopharynx
17
Q
location of tubal tonsils
A
Surround the openings of auditory tubes into the pharynx
18
Q
location of Peyer’s patches
A
In the wall of small intestine
19
Q
location of appendix
A
large intestine
20
Q
what is immunity
A
resistance to disease
21
Q
2 branches of immune system
A
innate
adaptive
22
Q
2 types of phagocytes
A
neutrophils
macrophages
23
Q
What is phagocytosis?
A
Process of actively taking in external matter into the cells and its destruction using enzymes stored in lysosomes
24
Q
5 steps of phagocytosis
A
- Adherence of a phagocyte to a pathogen
- Endocytosis
- Lysosomes fuses with phagocytic vesicle > phagolysosome
- Lysosomal enzymes digest the particle
- Exocytosis
25
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
26
THE TWO MAJOR ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS
infererons
| complement
27
what temperature is considered a high fever
about 105 degrees
28
2 branches of adaptive defense
humoral (b lymphocytes)
| cellular ( T Lymphocytes)
29
where do B lymphocytes mature?
in red bone marrow
30
where do T lymphocytes mature?
in the thymus
31
1st antibody released
IgM
32
types of organ transplants
Autograft
Isograft
Allograft
Xenograft
33
the main cells of the adaptive immune system
B and T lymphocytes
34
function of macrophages
phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
35
function of dendritic cells
capture antigns and deliver to lymph nodes
36
function of reticular cells
produce connective tissue for cells in lymphoid organs
37
function of lymphoid tissues
to house lymphoid cells and provide a proliferation point for lymphocytes
38
3 parts of the lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymph
39
2 main functions of the lymphatic system
- RETURN INTERSTITIAL FLUIDS AND PROTEINS BACK INTO CIRCULATION
- PROVIDE THE STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
40
tiniest lymph vessels
lymph capillaries
41
where are lymph capillaries not found?
BONES, TEETH, BONE MARROW AND CNS
42
structure of lymphatic follicles
Solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells
43
describe Diffuse lymphatic tissues
Scattered reticular tissue elements throughout all organs
44
structure of lymph nodes
Bean-shaped with external fibrous capsule and trabeculae
45
the 2 regions of a lymph node
cortex and medulla
46
"backbone of the immune system"
Marcophages
47
function of the lymph nodes
to filter lymph
48
Largest lymphoid organ of the body
Spleen
49
functions of the spleen
Proliferation of lymphocytes
Immune surveillance
Removes aged erythrocytes and platelets from the blood
Stores iron, other erythrocytes and platelets
Blood formation during fetal development
50
what do all tonsils contain?
Follicles
| Germinal centers
51
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
52
4 steps of phagocytic activation
Leukocytosis
margination
diapedesis
chemotaxis
53
what is diapedesis?
the movement of cells through capillary walls
54
the 5 classes of antibodies
```
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
```
55
class of antibody that causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine
IgE
56
Class of antibodies that makes up 75-85% of antibodies
IgG
57
antibody that functions as a B cell receptor
IgD
58
Antibody with pentamer presentation
IgM
59
antibody Secreted into mucus, sweat, and body fluids
IgA
60
Antibody that stops pathogens before they can cross the first line of defense
IgA
61
antibody that can cross the placental barrier
IgG
62
antibody secreted in last stages of primary and throughout secondary response
IgG
63
what does MABs stand for?
Monoclonal antibodies
64
what do T cells provide defense against?
intracellular antigens
65
the 2 major types of T cells
Helper T cells (TH) > CD4
| Cytotoxic T cells (TC) > CD8
66
2 steps of T cell activation
Antigen binding
| Costimulation
67
what do Cytotoxic T cells target?
Virus infected cells
Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites
Cancer cells
Foreign bodies (transfusions or transplants)
68
Autograft
transplant from one body sit to another of the same person
69
Isograft
Transplant transferred between identical twins
70
Allograft
Transplant transferred between people who are not identical twins
71
Xenograft
Transplant transferred from another animal species
72
what does AID stand for?
(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
73
the ability to recognize and bind to a specific antigen
Immunocompetence
74
what properties do foreign proteins and polysaccharides have that make them "Complete antigens" ?
immunogenicity
| reactivity
75
immunogenicity
the ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies
76
reactivity
the ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies released
77
B cells that do not form plasma cells become what?
memory cells
78
compression of which vessel could cause unconsciousness?
carotid artery
79
2 types of active humoral immunity
naturally acquired immunity
| artificially acquired immunity
80
what are macrophages derived from?
monocytes
81
5 elements of the second line of defense
```
phagocytes
natural killer cells
inflammation
antimicrobial proteins
fever
```
82
lymphoid follicles in the small intestine
peyers patches
83
what produces antibodies?
plasma cells (b lymphocytes)
84
What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
ACE
85
what is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid
location
86
what do complement proteins promote?
cytolysis
phagocytosis
inflammation
87
what are haptens?
incomplete antigens
