exam 1 review

Question 1

where does apex point?

Answer 1

towards the left hip

Question 2

which layer of the heart wall consumes the most energy?

Answer 2

myocardium

Question 3

what causes the plateau portion of the action potential in contractile cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 3

an influx of calcium ions

Question 4

where does the stimulus for the heart’s rhythmic contractions come from?

Answer 4

a pacemaker potential

Question 5

which structure is responsible for setting the hearts pace?

Answer 5

SA node

Sinoatrial node

Question 6

why is the SA node the pacemaker?

Answer 6

it depolarizes the fastest

Question 7

what would happen if the AV node became the pacemaker?

Answer 7

the rhythm would be slower

Question 8

which heart abnormality has no P waves on an otherwise normal ECG?

Answer 8

junctional rhythm

Question 9

what does input to the heart from the cardioinhibitory center primarily affect?

Answer 9

the SA node and AV node

Question 10

what causes the lub sound?

Answer 10

closing of AV valves

Question 11

what causes the dub sound?

Answer 11

closing of Semilunar valves

Question 12

which blood vessel components is most critical in regulating systemic blood pressure?

Answer 12

tunica media

Question 13

the ability to recognize and bind to a specific antigen

Answer 13

Immunocompetence

Question 14

what contains the majority of the body’s blood volume at any one time?

Answer 14

systemic veins and venules

Question 15

why has pulse pressure disappeared by the time blood reaches the capillary beds?

Answer 15

the muscular arterioles do not exhibit elastic rebound

Question 16

what effect does a long period of skeletal muscle inactivity have on blood flow?

Answer 16

it causes blood pooling and slowing of blood flow

Question 17

the major factor controlling stroke volume during resting periods?

Answer 17

venous return to the heart

Question 18

what do baroreceptors detect changes in?

Answer 18

stretch in arterial walls

Question 19

hormone that will help lower blood pressure

Answer 19

atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 20

why is vasodilation prominent in the skin when a person increases physical activity?

Answer 20

heat is dissipated across the skin from the blood to help cool the body

Question 21

primary mechanism driving filtration in capillary beds?

Answer 21

hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries

Question 22

what creates capillary colloid osmotic pressure?

Answer 22

nondiffusible plasma proteins

Question 23

anaphylaxis

Answer 23

a severe allergic reaction

Question 24

where does blood from the digestive organs empty into before going through the liver?

Answer 24

hepatic portal vein

Question 25

major vessel delivering deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Answer 25

pulmonary trunk

Question 26

which vessel receives blood drainage from the liver and returns it to the heart?

Answer 26

inferior vena cava

Question 27

what portion of the hemoglobin does oxygen bind to?

Answer 27

iron atom

Question 28

what does an elevated neutrophil count indicate?

Answer 28

an acute bacterial infection

Question 29

antihistamine counters the actions of which white blood cells?

Answer 29

basophils

Question 30

the progenitor of platelets

Answer 30

megakaryocyte

Question 31

bleeding disorder caused by any condition that suppresses of destroys the red bone marrow

Answer 31

thrombocytopenia

Question 32

what is a buboe?

Answer 32

a swollen lymph node

Question 33

largest lymphoid organ

Answer 33

spleen

Question 34

function of red pulp

Answer 34

filter out worn out blood erythrocytes

Question 35

activated B cells that produce antibodies

Answer 35

plasma cells

Question 36

the process of attaching complement proteins to the bacterial cell wall to enhance phagocytosis

Answer 36

opsonization

Question 37

proteins that make it possible for our immune system to differentiate between our cells and those that are foreign

Answer 37

MHC

Question 38

what can become antigenic if they attach themselves to larger proteins?

Answer 38

haptens

Question 39

cells responsible for tissue graft rejection

Answer 39

cytotoxic T cells

Question 40

how are T cells introduced to antigens?

Answer 40

antigen-presenting cells link antigenic peptides to MHC proteins to which T cells will attach

Question 41

CD4 cells turn into what?

Answer 41

helper T Cells

Question 42

what do CD8 cells turn into

Answer 42

cytotoxic T cells

Question 43

where are lymph nodes found

Answer 43

inguinal, axillary, cervical

Question 44

what is the P wave?

Answer 44

atrial depolarization

Question 45

what is the femoral vein once inside the pelvis?

Answer 45

internal iliac

Question 46

what is the organ that regulates red blood cell production?

Answer 46

kidneys

Question 47

how are acquired bleeding causes?

Answer 47

impaired liver function

Question 48

which cells are lost when someone has AIDS

Answer 48

T Helper Cells

Question 49

main factor causing vasoconstriction

Answer 49

nitric oxide (NO)

Question 50

where does blood exit the spleen?

Answer 50

the hilum

Question 51

how do neutrophils cling to the walls of the capillaries?

Answer 51

margination

Question 52

free floating clot

Answer 52

embolus

Question 53

what converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 53

thrombin

Question 54

what cells indicate a rejection of a transplant

Answer 54

cytotoxic T cells

Question 55

1st step of homeostasis

Answer 55

vascular spasm

Question 56

how are T cells activated?

Answer 56

by the antigen presenting cells and co-stimulation

Question 57

what are clone cells?

Answer 57

plasma cells, ( B lymphocytes)

Question 58

what is the breakdown of a clot called?

Answer 58

fibrinolysis

Question 59

lymphatic organ that increases in size through childhoos

Answer 59

thymus

Question 60

what are monocytes in the bloodstream called?

Answer 60

macrophages

Question 61

proteins released by virus infected cells?

Answer 61

interferons

Question 62

arteries that supply the large and small intestine

Answer 62

superior and inferior mesenteric

Question 63

2 main deep veins of the leg

Answer 63

anterior and posterior tibial vein

Question 64

what does an increase in the mean arterial pressure causes in brain vessels?

Answer 64

contriction

Question 65

blood vessel that is the immediate inferior continuation of the external iliac artery

Answer 65

femoral artery

Question 66

The complete circle of connecting vessels in the brain

Answer 66

circle of Willis/cerebral arterial circle

Question 67

valve that prevents backflow into the right atrium

Answer 67

tricuspid valve

Question 68

what do CD4 cells become after activation?

Answer 68

T helper Cells

Question 69

harmful or disease causing microogranisms

Answer 69

pathogens

Question 70

a lymph organ that stores blood platelets

Answer 70

spleen

Question 71

type of immunity directed against pathogens in the extracellular fluid

Answer 71

Humoral

Question 72

the part of the spleen that is made of reticular fibers that trap old erythrocytes

Answer 72

red pulp

Question 73

where does the thoracic duct empty into?

Answer 73

left subclavian vein

Question 74

Which cells are the first white blood cells to arrive at a site of tissue damage?

Answer 74

neutrophils

Question 75

CD4 cells bind to which MHC proteins?

Answer 75

class II

Question 76

which lymphatic organs have blind-ended structures called crypts?

Answer 76

tonsils

Question 77

Inflammation is part of which line of defense?

Answer 77

second

Question 78

isolated clusters of lymph follicles found in the wall of the small intestine

Answer 78

Peyer's patches

Question 79

Your patient has no blood flow to the right arm and the right side of the head. Which blood vessel do you think is most likely blocked?

Answer 79

Brachiocephalic trunk

Question 80

Vasodialation is due to which action of vascular smooth muscle?

Answer 80

relaxation

Question 81

Define end systolic volume(ESV)

Answer 81

the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of the ejection phase

Question 82

What effect do signals from the cardioinhibitory center have on the heart rate?

Answer 82

decrease it

Question 83

During which part of the cardiac cycle are both the bicuspid and tricuspid valves open?

Answer 83

Ventricular filling

Question 84

What effect does thyroxine have on the heart rate?

Answer 84

Leads to an increaseof the heart rate

Question 85

Which heart valve has three flaps (cusps) and prevents backflow into the left ventricle?

Answer 85

Aortic valve

Question 86

what chamber does the anterior surface of the heart consist mostly of?

Answer 86

rights ventricle