Chapter 25 Flashcards
1
Q
Accessory digestive organs
A
Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands
2
Q
digestive glands
A
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
3
Q
6 digestive processes
A
ingestion propulsion mechanical digestion chemical digestion absorption defecation
4
Q
Ingestion
A
eating or drinking nutrients.
5
Q
Propulsion
A
movement of the ingested material from the mouth through the GI tract to the anus
6
Q
Mechanical digestion
A
breaking down the food by physical means, such as chewing
7
Q
Chemical digestion
A
breaking down the nutrients in basic units that can be absorbed
8
Q
Absorption
A
moving nutrients across the basement membrane of the mucous membrane into the blood of lymph by active or passive transport processes.
9
Q
Defecation
A
excretion of food content that cannot be broken down and absorbed in the GI tract
10
Q
what controls the digestive system?
A
ANS
11
Q
the 2 groups of organs in the digestive system
A
- Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract)
- Accessory Digestive Organs
12
Q
organs of alimentary canal
A
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
13
Q
what do mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors respond to?
A
stretch, change in osmolarity and presence of substrate and end products of digestion
14
Q
the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity
A
peritoneum
15
Q
function of the peritoneum
A
to hold organs in place and store fat
16
Q
4 layers of the alimentary canal
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis External
- Serous
17
Q
functions of the mouth
A
- Ingestion
- Propulsion (into pharynx)
- Mechanical digestion
- Chemical digestion (amylase)
18
Q
function of hard palate
A
helps with chewing and formation of bolus
19
Q
what does the soft palate do during swallowing?
A
closes off the nasopharynx
20
Q
function of the tongue
A
Repositions and mixes food during chewing
21
Q
where is the tongue attached to?
A
the lingual frenulum
22
Q
term for dry mouth
A
xerostomia
23
Q
how many baby teeth do we have
A
20
24
Q
how many permanent teeth do we have?
A
32
25
word for baby teeth
deciduous teeth
26
which teeth do grinding?
molars
27
which teeth do tearing?
canines
28
which teeth do cutting?
incisors
29
where does the esophagus run from?
laryngopharynx to stomach
30
what regulates gastric secretion?
neural and hormonal mechanisms
31
inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach
grastritis
32
erosion of the stomach wall
ulcer
33
most common cause of ulcers
Helicobacter pylori bacteria
34
where does the small intestine run from?
from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
35
where does 90% of absorbtion occur?
in the small intestine
36
where are enterocytes found?
small intestine
37
location of peyer's patches
small intestine
38
function of Brunner's glands
secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize the low pH of chyme
39
organ that produces and releases bile
liver
40
function of gallbadder
Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions
41
major function of the large intestine
propulsion of feces toward the anus
42
regions of the large intestine
- Cecum (pouch with attached vermiform appendix)
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
43
Organs of the Alimentary Canal
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
44
another term for Alimentary Canal
gastrointestinal or GI tract
45
location of the parietal peritoneum
lines the inner wall of the peritoneal cavity
46
location of the visceral peritoneum
outer surface of most digestive organs
47
organs within the peritoneal cavity
intraperitoneal or peritoneal organs
48
organs located posterior to the peritoneum
retroperitoneal organs
49
structure of the peritoneum - R
double layered structure called the mesentary
50
what drains the venous blood from the digestive organs?
Hepatic portal circulation
51
where does the Hepatic portal circulation deliver blood to?
to the liver for processing
52
innermost layer of the GI tract
mucosa
53
outermost layer of the GI tract
serosa
54
layer of the GI tract Made of dense connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels
Submucosa
55
layer of the GI tract which is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Muscularis External
56
what regulates the GI tract motility
myenteric nerve plexuses
57
structure of the muscularis externa
2 sub-layers made of smooth muscle > inner circular and outer longitudinal
58
4 types of papillae
Filiform
Fungiform
Circumvallate
Foliate
59
which glands produce secretions when chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors get stimulated?
Extrinsic salivary glands
60
3 extrinsic salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
61
what does saliva contain?
electrolytes, enzymes, metabolic wastes and defensive compounds
62
term for swallowing
deglutition
63
major stomach regions
Cardiac region or cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric region
64
what does the pyloric region consist of?
antrum, pyloric canal, and pylorus
65
what is the pylorus continuous of?
the duodenum through the pyloric valve
66
Dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm
Fundus
67
phases of gastric secretion regulation
Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase
68
phase that includes the sight, thoughts, smell and taste of food
cephalic phase
69
phase when partially digested food inter the duodenum
intestinal phase
70
phase when food or fluid enters the stomach
Gastric Phase
71
which chemical messengers can stimulate Parietal Cells Releasing HCI?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Histamine
Gastrin
72
how long does fatty chyme remain in the duodenum?
6 hours or more
73
subdivisions of the small intestine
Duodenum
jejunum
ileum
74
how long is the small intestine
7-14ft
75
what are Peyers Patches part of?
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
76
another word for Duodenal glands
Brunner glands
77
structural and function units of the liver that process nutrient rich blood
Hexagonal Liver Lobules
78
word for liver cells
hepatocytes
79
leaky capillaries that surround the plates of hepatocytes in the liver _R
sinusoids
80
fixed macrophages in sinusoids
Kupffer cells
81
where do sinusoids empty into?
the central vein > hepatic vein > IVC
82
Cholesteral derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption - R
bile salts
83
pigment formed from heme during hemoglobin breakdown
Bilirubin
84
where does the liver receive bile from?
cystic duct
85
structure of the gallbladder
Thin-walled muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver
86
hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder
cholecystokinin (CCK)
87
production site of gastrin
G cells of gastric glands
88
GI tract reflexes
```
pain reflexes
vagovagal reflexes
enterogastric reflex
gastroileal reflex
intestino-intestinal reflex
gastrocolic reflex
duodenocolic reflex
defacation reflex
```
89
reflex that enhances the force of segmentation in the ileum
Gastroileal reflex
90
what moves chyme into the esophagus?
peristalic waves
91
what breaksdown proteins in the stomach
pepsin
92
what does the terminal sulcus mark?
the boarder between the body of the tongue and
93
3 unique feature of the large intestine
Teniae coli
Haustra
Epiploic appendages
94
Fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
Epiploic appendages
95
Pocketlike sacs caused by the tone of the teniae coli
Haustra
96
Three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis
Teniae coli
97
what stops feces from being passed with gas?
3 rectal valves
98
regions of the colon
Asending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
99
what relaxes to allow chyme into the large intestine
the ileocecal sphinter
100
hormone that increases motility of the ileum
gastrin
101
hormone that starts peristaltic waves that move meal remnants, bacteria, and debris into large intestine
motilin
102
what prevents blackflow into the small intestine?
ileocecal valve
103
structure in the small intestine that forces chyme to slowly spiral through the lumen
circular folds
104
the brain of the small intestine
duodenum
105
absorptive cells in the epithelium of the small intestine
enterocytes
106
what is the brush boarder
enterocytes (absorptive cells) with microvilli
107
part of the small intestine that produces a slightly alkaline intestinal juice
crypt epithelium
108
finger-like extensions in the small intestine
villi
109
what is at each corner of the liver lobule?
portal triad
110
what does the portal triad consist of?
bile duct
portal arteriole
hepatic venule
111
where does the bile duct receive bile from?
the bile canaliculi
112
what does the peritoneal cavity contain?
lubricating fluid to allow the mobile parts to move against each other without friction
113
3 layers of the mucosa
epithelium
lamina propia
muscularus mucosae
114
function of the mesentery
provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
115
where do digestive organs in the abdominal cavity receive blood from?
branches of the aorta:
| hepatic, splenic, left gastric, inferior mesenteric, and superior mesenteric
116
layer of the GI tract that contains lymphoid follicules, lacteals, and peyers patches
submucosa
117
basic mechanisms of mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors reflexes
activate or inhibit digestive glands
| stimulate smooth muscle
118
what regulates the glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa
submucosal nerve plexuses
119
which system inhibits activity of the GI tract?
sympathetic
120
which system stimulates activity of the GI tract?
parasympathetic
121
the only papillae that aids in mechanical digestion
filiform
122
what innervates the anterior 2/3 portion of the tongue?
the facial nerve
123
function of the intrinsic salivary glands
keep mouth moist continuously
124
function of extrinsic salivary glands
produces secretions when ingested food stimulates chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the mouth
125
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
genioglossus, hypoglossus, and styloglossus
126
which accessory organ produces a fluid to soften food?
salivary glands
127
portion of the peritoneum largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines
mesentery
128
which cells secrete gastric acid?
parietal cells
129
this hormone is stimulates by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine
cholecystokinin
130
which hormone stimulates the pancreas contraction to release bicarbonate-rich fluis?
secretin
131
what breaks down starch?
amylase
132
largest gland in the body
liver
133
function of intrinsic pacemaker cells
initiate smooth muscle contraction that mix and move contents towards the ileocecal valve
134
where is motilin used?
duodenum
135
which organs is secretin used on?
stomach
pancreas
liver
136
which organs is CCK found in?
stomach
pancreas
gallbladder
hepatopancreatic sphincter
137
what does bile contain?
bile salts
bilirubin
cholesterol, neural fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes
138
where is intrinsic factor produced?
the stomach
139
what does the lack of intrinsic factor lead to?
pernicious anemia
140
another name for esophagus
gullet
