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Chapter 29 Flashcards

1
Q

what does body water depend on?

A

age and gender

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2
Q

what amount of the total body water does the intracellular fluid make up?

A

2/3 of total body water

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3
Q

what makes up 1/3 of total body water?

A

extracellular fluid

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4
Q

what is Edema?

A

Accumulation of IF which leads to tissue swelling

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5
Q

what causes lymph edema?

A

removal or blockage of lymph vessels that disrupts drainage

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6
Q

what does electrolyte balance usually refer to?

A

salt balance

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7
Q

the most abundant cation in the ECF

A

sodium

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8
Q

what is calcitonin released in response to what?

A

increased calcium levels

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9
Q

what is PTH released in response to?

A

low calcium levels

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10
Q

total body water content of infants

A

75%

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11
Q

total body water content of adults

A

55%

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12
Q

solutes that dissociate into ions

A

electrolytes

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13
Q

why do electrolytes have greater osmotic power than non electrolytes?

A

they are much more numerous

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14
Q

the major anion of the ECF

A

Cl

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15
Q

what is the major cation inside cells?

A

potassium

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16
Q

what is the major anion inside cells?

A

HPO4

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17
Q

what is the bulk of nonelectrolytes made up of?

A

proteins
phospholipids
cholesterol
neutral fats

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18
Q

the 2 main fluid compartments

A

intracellular fluid

extracellular fluid

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19
Q

fluid divisions of extracellular fluid with percents

A 
plasma (20%)
interstitial fluid (80%)
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20
Q

what is fluid movement across capillaries determined by?

A

hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces

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21
Q

what is fluid movement across cell membranes determined by?

A

osmotic forces

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22
Q

the ability of a solution to cause water inflow into the cell or outflow of the cell

A

tonicity

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23
Q

the number of solutes in 1 liter of solution

A

osmolarity

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24
Q

the number of solutes in 1 kg of solvent

A

osmolality

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25
increased Pco2
hypercapnia
26
decrease Pco2
hypocapnia
27
3 mechanisms that help keep the pH within normal limits
chemical buffer systems brain stem respiratory centers renal mechanisms
28
what are salts important for?
controlling fluid movements excitability of muscle and nerve cells secretory activity membrane permeability
29
what effect do estrogens have on Na balance?
they increase Na re-absorption leading to water retention during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
30
what effect does progesterone have on Na balance?
decreases Na reabsorption and promotes loss of Na and water
31
what would a decrease in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid cause?
it would cause water to move into the cells
32
the area of the brain that plays a major role in electrolyte balance
hypothalamus
33
what is the driving force of water intake?
thirst
34
solute that plays the biggest role in water reabsorption
sodium ions
35
the hallmark symptom of hypotonic hydration
hyponatremia
36
which part of the nephron does aldosterone target?
distal convoluted tubule
37
the only ion that exerts significant osmotic pressure
sodium ion
38
what does ANP promote?
sodium excretion
39
the most imporant buffer in our plasma
bicarbonate
40
Hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate mainly by the...
proximal convoluted tubule
41
the most important urine buffer
phosphate
42
ion that is reabsorbed when hydrogen ions are secreted
sodium
43
what does parathyroid hormone enhance reabsorption of ?
calcium ions
44
what condition can hypoproteinemia lead to?
edema
45
molecules that can act as either an acid or a base
Amphoteric molecules
46
what will hyperventilation lead to?
respiratory alkalosis
47
functions of water
- Maintain Body Temperature - Protective cushioning - Lubricant, Reactant, Solvent - Transportation
48
average Percent body water content in elderly
45%
49
average percent body water content in women
50%
50
average percent body water content in men
60%
51
why do men has a higher water content than women?
because they have more muscle mass
52
where is Intracellular fluid (ICF)?
INSIDE CELL
53
where is Extracellular fluid (ECF)?
OUTSIDE CELL
54
What is the link between the external and internal environments?
plasma
55
what regulates fluid movement across the membranes
by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures (forces)
56
the major hormone released when we are thirsty
ADH
57
R- term for too much sodium in the blood
hypernatremia
58
R- term for too little sodium in the blood
hyponatremia
59
the driving force of water intake
thirst
60
what would a decrease in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid cause water to do?
move into the cells
61
ways to eliminate H+ from the body
exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys
62
the main regulators of calcium in the blood
calcitonin vitamin D PTH
63
the major hormone that regulates water loss
ADH
64
what can inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide cause?
respiratory acidosis
65
3 chemical buffer systems
Bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system
66
what causes release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
increased K+ levels
67
pH levels that cause acidosis
< 7.35
68
pH levels that cause alkalosis
>7.45
69
Pco2 durring metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
35-45
70
Pco2 durring respiratory acidosis
>45
71
Pco2 durring respiratory alkalosis
<35
72
most important buffer system
bicarbonate buffer system
73
how is the thirst center activiated?
via the osmoreceptors when the osmolality exceeds the norm by 2-3%
74
where are osmoreceptors located?
in the hypothalamus
75
what is the antagonist to aldosterone?
ANP
76
where is ANP produced from?
the heart
77
what acid-base abnormality does vomitting cause?
metabolic alkalosis
78
what acid-base abnormality can excessive alcohol cause?
metabolic acidosis
79
how does the kidney respond to respiratory imbalances?
by increases or decreasing bicarbonate levels
80
how does the body respond to metabolic alkalosis?
the respiratory system will allow CO2 to accumulate in the blood and breathing breathing rate will slow
81
how does the body respond to metabolic acidosis?
respiratory system will remove as much CO2 as possible | breathing increased
82
where is the protein buffer system important?
inside the cell and in the blood
83
the only important buffer system of the ECF
bicarbonate buffer system
84
where does the bicarbonate buffer system work?
inside and outside the cell
85
what does each of the 3 buffer systems contain?
a weak acid and weak base
86
what releases when CO2 is converted to HCO3?
h+
87
function of chloride in the ECF?
helps maintain osmotic pressure of blood
88
where is calcitonin released from?
the thyroid
89
how do K+ and H+ maintain cation balance?
by moving in opposite directions
90
where is potassium balance controlled?
in the collecting duct by principal cells
91
what will increased K+ cause the release of?
aldosterone
92
function of aldosterone
to increase Na+ reabsorption and secretion of K+
93
what are glucocorticoids close to structurally?
aldosterone
94
what part of the nephron does aldosterone target?
the DCT and the collecting duct
95
speed of the effects of aldoesterone
hours to days
96
most common causes of edema
high blood pressure blockage of blood vessels high blood volume increased capillary permeability
97
what does drinking large amounts of water in a short period of time lead to?
hypotonic hydration
98
what is facultative water loss caused by?
activities and emotional state
99
how does obligatory water loss happen
lungs sin feces urine
100
most important intracellular buffer?
protein buffer

A&P2 (19 decks)

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