chapter 23 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
another word for pulmonary ventilation
A
breathing
2
Q
external respiration
A
O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
3
Q
Internal respiration
A
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
4
Q
major organs of the respiratory system
A
Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi and their branches Lungs and alveoli
5
Q
Conducting zone structures
A
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi carry to gas exchange sites
6
Q
Respiratory zone
A
site of gas exchange, i.e, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
7
Q
lower airways
A
all structures below the larynx
8
Q
External nose structures
A
root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
9
Q
Philtrum
A
a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex
10
Q
Olfactory mucosa location
A
lines the superior nasal cavity
11
Q
3 parts of the Pharynx
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
12
Q
3 parts of the Pharynx
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
13
Q
another word for the voice box
A
larynx
14
Q
2 big cartilages of the larynx
A
cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
15
Q
first part of the respiratory zone
A
respiratory bronchioles
16
Q
what type of tissue is the epiglottis made of?
A
elastic cartilage
17
Q
term for lung collapse
A
atelectasis
18
Q
diameter of brochioles
A
less than 1mm in diameter
19
Q
pulmonary ventilation - R
A
moving air in and out of the lungs
20
Q
what divides the nasal cavity?
A
the nasal septum
21
Q
bones that make up the roof of the nasal cavity
A
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
22
Q
functions of the paranasal sinuses
A
Lighten the skull
Help warm air
Moisten the inspired air
Act as resonating chambers for speech
23
Q
functions of the Larynx
A
voice box
allows for air to continue down into the trachea
routes food down the esophagus toward the stomach
24
Q
cartilage that makes up the larynx
A
hyaline cartilage
25
function of the epiglottis
to close the entry into the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from getting into the trachea
26
name for the last tracheal cartilage
carina
27
how many orders of branching do the bronchi undergo?
23
28
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3
29
Respiratory membrane
microscopic structure allowing the diffusion of gases
30
which type of alveolar cell produces surfactant
type 2
31
what do the bases of the lungs sit on?
the diaphragm
32
what covers the lungs
pleura
33
Parietal pleura
covers thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm
34
Visceral pleura
covers all external surfaces of the lungs
35
Pleural fluid
provides lubrication and surface tension
36
Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
37
Respiratory Pressure
pressure in side the airways
38
Intrapulmonary Pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)
pressure in side the lungs
39
what pressure should the intrapleural cavity always be?
negative
40
what happens if the intrapleural pressure becomes zero
lung collapse
41
Respiratory Muscles for Inspiration
Diaphragm ( main)
External intercostals
SCM (with forced inspiration)
Scalenes (with forced inspiration)
42
Respiratory Muscles for Expiration
Internal intercoastals
| Muscles of the abdominal wall
43
3 things that inspiratory muscles have to overcome
Airway resistance
Alveolar Surface tension
Lung compliance
44
Tidal Volume (TV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal conditions
45
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
46
Residual Volume (RV)
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation
47
how to find inspiratory capacity
IC = TV + IRV
48
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
49
sum of what two things makes up the total dead space?
anatomical dead space
| alveolar dead space
50
word for labored breathing -
Dyspnea
51
active inflammation of the airways
bronchospasm
52
4 process that work together to accomplish respiration
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport
internal respiration
53
5 functions of the nose
```
airway for respiration
filters, heats, and moistens air
resonating chamber for speech
reclaims heat and moisture during exhalation
houses olfactory receptors
```
54
O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
external respiration
55
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Internal respiration
56
a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex
Philtrum
57
atelectasis
term for lung collapse
58
bronchospasm
active inflammation of the airways
59
carina
name for the last tracheal cartilage
60
Dyspnea
word for labored breathing
61
covers thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm
Parietal pleura
62
covers all external surfaces of the lungs
Visceral pleura
63
provides lubrication and surface tension
Pleural fluid
64
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
65
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
66
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal conditions
Tidal Volume (TV)
67
pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
68
pressure in side the airways
Respiratory Pressure
69
pressure in side the lungs
Intrapulmonary Pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)
70
what forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
soft and hard palate
71
what does the respiratory mucosa do?
uses its plexuses of capillaries and veins that help warm inspired air
72
function of the nasal conchae
increase the surface area of the mucosa and enhance turbulent airflow
(helps clean, heat, and moisten air)
73
name for the hairs in the nose - R
vibrissae
74
air passageway posterior to the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
75
passageway for food and air from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis
oropharynx
76
posterior to the upright epiglottis
laryngopharynx
77
measures lung volumes and capacities - R
spirometer
78
the shield shaped cartilage on the larynx
thyroid cartilage
79
what forms the adam's apple?
the laryngeal prominence from the thyroid cartilage
80
ring shaped cartilage of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
81
location of thyrohyoid membrane
between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
82
location of cricothyroid ligament
between thyroid and cricoid cartilage
83
3 smaller cartilages of the larynx
arytenoid
cuneiform
corniculate
84
where do the vocal ligaments run from?
the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage
85
what is opened and closed to regulate airflow for voice production?
glottis
86
form the core of the vocal fold or the true vocal cords
Vocal ligaments
87
the wind pipe
trachea
88
location of trachea
runs from the larynx down to the mediastinum
89
what connects the posterior part of the tracheal rings?
trachealis muscles
90
what does the trachea do during coughing?
contracts to expel air
91
about how many alveoli are there?
300 million
92
what connects alveoli
alveolar pores
93
function of the alveolar pores
allows for air pressure in the lungs to equalize
94
how things leave and enter the lung
through the hilum
95
location of hilum
on mediastinal surface
96
what causes the movement of air?
a pressure gradient (passive process)
| air moves from higher to lower pressure
97
term for when air gets into the pleural cavity - R
pneumonthorax
98
what tends to causes atelectasis?
recoil of the elastic fibers surrounding the alveoli and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
99
what creates intrapleural pressure?
inward pull of the lungs
100
Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure
Transpulmonary Pressure
101
what must the transpulmonary pressure always be?
positive
102
what does Boyle's law say about pulmonary ventilation?
If pressure in thoracic cavity goes up > pressure in the lungs much go down
103
Average Tidal Volume for males and females
0.5L
104
Average Inspiratory Reserve Volume for males and females
males: 3.1L
females: 1.9L
105
Average Expiration Reserve Volume for males and females
males: 1.2L
females: 0.7L
106
Average Residual Volume for males and females
males: 1.2L
females: 1.1L
107
Average Inspiratory Capacity for males and females
males: 3.6L
females: 2.4L
108
Average Functional Residual capacity for males and females
males: 2.4L
females: 1.8L
109
Average Vital Capacity for males and females
males: 4.8L
females: 3.1L
110
Average Total Lung Capacity for males and females
males: 6.0L
females: 4.2L
111
vital capacity- R
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
112
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - R
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
113
inhaled air that never reaches the alveoli - R
anatomical dead space
114
air that flows into the alveoli that doesn't contribute to gas exchange - R
alveolar dead space
115
total dead space
sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space
116
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Combination of chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the bronchi and an over inflation of destruction of alveoli
117
when does inhalation begin?
when the diaphragm contracts
118
the effect of surfactant
decreases the surface tension of the alveoli
119
which law gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of gas?
Boyle's Law
