exam 2 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
glycogenesis
A
Formation of glycogen from glucose
2
Q
glycogenolysis
A
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
3
Q
lipolysis
A
the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids
4
Q
The term “essential amino acid” refers to …
A
those amino acids that the body cannot synthesize
lenoleic
lenolenic
5
Q
what muscle churns food in the stomach?
A
inner oblique layer
6
Q
what must air pass through when going from the pharynx to the trachea?
A
larynx
7
Q
structure that prevents food from entering the airway
A
Epiglottis
8
Q
The membrane that adheres to the outer surface of the lungs
A
visceral pleura
9
Q
What delivers air to the lobes of the lungs?
A
Secondary bronchi
10
Q
An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the pressure of the container?
A
Decrease the pressure
11
Q
what does surfactant do?
A
decreases the surface tension in the alveoli
12
Q
This volume of air remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
A
Residual volume
13
Q
what will Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli cause?
A
constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles.
14
Q
how is the majority of carbon dioxide transported?
A
as bicarbonate ions
15
Q
In the tissues, hemoglobin will release some oxygen and bind to…
A
hydrogen ions
16
Q
The chloride shift refers to:
A
chloride ions moving into or out of the red blood cell.
17
Q
what controls normal quiet respiration?
A
ventral respiratory group
18
Q
The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?
A
Mechanoreceptors
19
Q
When holding our breath for a long time we get the urge to breathe due to:
A
an increase in CO2.
20
Q
The chemical and mechanical process of food breakdown is called…
A
digestion
21
Q
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place
A
mesenteries
22
Q
where is chyme created?
A
stomach
23
Q
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
A
parietal cells
24
Q
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called
A
hydrolysis
25
what is secretin released in response to?
acidic chyme entering the small intestine
26
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B12
27
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of:
catabolism
28
The terminal portion of the small intestine
ileum
29
major function of the large intestine
remove waste materials
30
The site of production of secretin and cholecystokinin
small intestine
31
A fluid secreted in the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids
bile
32
the total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute
Minute ventilation (MV)
33
gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath
forced vital capacity (FVC)
34
the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
35
the sphincter that allows food to enter the stomach
gastroesophageal sphincter
36
digestive function of the stomach
protein digestion
37
what happens in Substrate-level phosphorylation?
High energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP
38
what is insulin released in response to?
glucose and animo acids
39
hormone that regulates almost all processes of the absorptive state
insulin
40
what are enzymes of the microvilli called?
brush boarder enzymes
41
type of phosphorylation that couples the movement of substances across a membrane to chemical
reactions
Oxidative phosphorylation
42
the opening on the terminal end of the large intestine
anus
43
the last subdivision of the small intestine
ileum
44
fatty acids that enhance excretion of cholesterol
unsaturated
45
Where does the small intestine start and where does it end?
Pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve
46
What are the two types of salivary glands?
Extrinsic and intrinsic
47
which type of salivary gland is independent of food intake?
intrinsic glands
48
hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells of the stomach glands
Histamine, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin
49
which hormone stimulates release of bile from the gallbladder?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
50
the pressure inside the airways
respiratory pressure
51
the normal Po2 of arterial blood in the systemic circulation
100
52
how many molecules of O2 are there per Hb molecule in partially loaded Hb
1-3
53
what is loading Hb with O2 called?
oxygenation
54
what enzyme catalyzes to dissociation of carbonic acid into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions?
carbonic anhydrase
55
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
intrapulmonary pressure
56
what membrane covers the nasal cavity?
mucous membrane
57
function of the epiglottis
to close entry into the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from getting into the trachea
58
function of the glottis
close or open to regulate airflow for voice production
59
location of the glottis
between the vocal folds
60
Peristalsis is part of which digestive process?
propulsion
61
Which of the phases of gastric secretion is a conditioned reflex?
cephalic phase
62
the gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen
chief cells
63
Most of the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine are secreted by which accessory organ?
Pancreas
64
Which substance secreted by the pancreas helps neutralize chyme?
Bicarbonate
65
Which histological layer of the alimentary canal is also known as the visceral peritoneum?
Serosa
66
The esophageal hiatus is found on this organ
Diaphragm
67
Which hormone triggers the release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice?
CCK
68
This hormone relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter
CCK
69
The pocket-like sacs of the large intestine
haustra
70
Micelles are formed during the absorption of which nutrient?
Fatty acids
71
Which nutrient is used almost exclusively for ATP production?
glucose
72
Which nutrients form enzymes and some hormones?
Amino acids
73
when does intrapulmonary pressure decrease?
during inspiration
74
which pressure is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing
transpulmonary pressure
75
most abundant gas in our air
nitrogen
76
Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause ___.
constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles
77
Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause ___.
constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles
78
A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate?
Increase
79
The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?
Mechanoreceptors
80
what controls Normal quiet respiration?
ventral respiratory group
81
which enzyme is only found in children?
rennin
82
Which enzyme digests disaccharides into monosaccharides?
Sucrase
83
A negative nitrogen balance would be present in which situation?
starvation
84
This mineral is widely distributed in our plasma and tissue fluid (extracellular fluid).
Sodium
85
the critical factor influencing BMR
Body surface area
86
An excess of this nutrient has been linked to bone loss
Protein
87
where are fat digesting enzymes produced?
in the pancreas
88
where is fat digested
small intestine
89
what is the energy yield for glucose?
4
90
the hormone that deals with the contraction of the gall bladder
CCK
91
what pressure in the respiratory system is always negative?
intrapleural
92
what pressure in the respiratory system is always positive?
transpulmonary
93
which salivary gland breaks down starch?
parotid
94
what structure in the mouth helps form the bolus?
tongue
95
2 big cartilages of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
| Thyroid cartilage
96
term for lung collapse
atelectasis
97
name for the last tracheal cartilage
carina
98
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3
99
word for labored breathing
Dyspnea
100
term for when air gets into the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
101
which law gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of gas?
Boyle's Law
102
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
vital capacity
103
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
104
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
105
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
106
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal conditions
Tidal Volume (TV)
107
name for the hairs in the nose
vibrissae
108
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas
109
what regulates the rate of loading and unloading of O2
Po2
Temperature
Blood pH
Pco2
110
factors that influence external respiration
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
| Ventilation-perfusion coupling
111
Bohr effect
the weakening of the Hb-oxygen bond caused by a decline in pH
112
respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude
Acclimatization
113
effect of an increase in pH on ventilation
decreased pulmonary ventilation
114
Haldane effect
The amount of CO2 transported is affected by the Po2
115
Forces that maintain the negative pressure in Pip
1. elasticity of the lungs
2. surface tension in alveoli
3. chest wall pulling action
116
a complete stop in breathing
Apnea
117
normal body temperature
98.6 degrees
118
what do pain reflexes in the GI tact do?
overall inhibition
119
gastrocolic reflex
the distention of the stomach initiated mass movement
120
gastroileal reflex
gastric destention relaxes ileocecal sphincter
121
intestino-intestinal reflex
over-distention or injury of bowel segment causes entire bowel to relax
