Chapter 28 Flashcards
1
Q
gluconeogenesis
A
the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates
2
Q
Basic function of the urinary system
A
Remove toxins, metabolic waste and excess ions from the blood
3
Q
structures of the urinary system
A
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
4
Q
what is each kidney supported by
A
3 Layers of supportive tissue
5
Q
how many times a day do the kidneys filter the body’s entire plasma?
A
60 times
6
Q
what supplies nerves to the Kidneys
A
sympathetic fibers from the renal plexus
7
Q
3 layers of supportive tissues of the kidneys
A
Renal Fascia
Perirenal fat capsule
Fibrous Capsule
8
Q
the structural and functional unit of the kidney
A
nephron
9
Q
2 types of Nephrons
A
cortical - 85%
Juxtamedullary - 15%
10
Q
Nephron Pathway
A
Glomerulus Bowman Capsule Proximal Convoluted Tubule Loop Of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule Collecting Ducts
11
Q
3 capillary beds of the nephron
A
Glomerulus
Peritubular Capillaries
Vasa Recta
12
Q
what forms the filtration silts that allow filtrate to pass into the capsular spaces
A
The podocytes
13
Q
2 types of cells of the collecting duct
A
Intercalated cells
Principal cells
14
Q
what type of tissue is the urinary bladder lined with?
A
transitional epithelial mucosa
15
Q
2 sphincters of the Urethra
A
Involuntary Internal Sphincter
Voluntary External Urethral Sphincter
16
Q
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
A
Volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys
17
Q
what does renin convert angiotensinogen to?
A
angiotensin I
18
Q
effect of Angiotensin II on BP
A
increases BP
19
Q
function of aldosterone
A
reabsorb sodium
20
Q
where does 65% of water and sodium re-absorption happen
A
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
21
Q
3 steps of Urination
A
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
22
Q
urine characteristic of a UTI
A
Cloudy urine
23
Q
what sits on top of the kidneys that is not part of the urinary system?
A
the adrenal glands
24
Q
function of the ureters - R
A
to tranport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
25
What transports urine outside of the body?
the urethra
26
characteristics of the renal fascia
the anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
27
chacteristics of the Perirenal Fat Capsule
“fatty cushion”
28
chacteristics of the Fibrous Capsule
surrounds and protects the kidney itself
29
2 layers of the glomerular capsule:
parietal
| visceral
30
layer of the glomerular capsule consists of branching epithelial podocytes that cover the capillaries
The visceral layer
31
part of the nephron pathway that receives all the filtrate from all the nephrons
collecting duct
32
normal NFP
10mm Hg
33
function of the intercalated cells
maintain the body's acid-base balance
34
function of prinicpal cells
help maintain the body's water and salt balance
35
what are diuretics?
substances that increase urine output
36
what do the kidneys remove from the blood?
toxins
metabolic wastes
excess ions
37
what do the kidneys regulate?
blood volume
chemical composition
pH
38
what does the kidney produce via gluconeogenesis during prolonged pasting?
glucose
39
the endocrine functions of the kidney
- produce renin and erythropoietin
| - activate vitamin D
40
which kidney is lower?
the right kidney
41
where do the ureters, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit?
medial hilum
42
another word for the glomerular capsule
Bowman capsule
43
what forms the filtration slits?
the foot-like extensions of the podocytes
44
another word for urination
micturition
45
what makes urination possible?
contraction of detrusor muscle
opening of the internal urethral sphincter
opening of the external urethral sphincter
46
average amount of urine produced in a day?
1.5L
47
the major excretory organ of the urinary system
kidneys
48
temporary storage for reservoir for urine
bladder
49
organ that transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
ureters
50
organ that transports urine outside of the body
urethra
51
4 main functions of the kidney
a) remove toxins and metabolic wastes
b) regulate bloodvolume and pH
c) produceglucose via gluconeogenesis
d) produce hormones (renin, erythropoietin, vitamin D)
52
kidneys are located...
retroperitoneally in the superior lumbar region
53
what makes the right kidney lower than the left?
the liver
54
what separates medullary or renal pyramids?
renal columns
55
which part of the renal pyramids does urine drip out of?
papillae
56
what form major calyces?
minor calyces
57
where does urine from the papillae drip into?
minor calyces
58
what form the renal pelvis
major calyces
59
2 main parts of nephrons
a tuft of capillaries (glomerulus)
| tubule
60
what does the first part of the tubule form?
the glomerular or bowman capsule
61
what does the outer visceral layer of the glomerular consist of?
branching epithelial podocytes that cover the outside of the glomerular capillaries
62
mechanorecptors that react to changes in the blood pressure
Granular or juxtaglomerular or JG cells
63
what hormone do the granules of JG cells contain?
renin
64
the portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids
renal columns
65
correct order of filtrate flow
```
glomerular capsule
PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT
Collecting duct
```
66
which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances?
proximal convoluted tubule
67
which part of the nephron employs a countercurrent mechanism?
loop of henle
68
normal pH range for urine
4.5-8
69
what does urine consist of?
95% water
| 5% solutes
70
the volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance in a given time
Renal Clearance (RC)
71
function of the vasa recta
they function in the formation of concentrated urine
72
2 controls of GFR
intrinsic controls
| extrinsic controls
73
GFR controls that only takes over under extreme stress
extrinsic controls
74
what drives Glomerular filtration?
net filtration pressure
75
cells that secrete renin
granular cells
76
what cells act as chemoreceptors?
macula dense cells
77
how much blood do renal arteries deliver to the kidneys each minute?
1/4 or 1200ml
78
type of urination in infants
reflexive urination
79
the site of most obligatory reabsorption
PCT
80
what performs the second step of obligatory reabsorption?
loop of Henle
81
site of bladder infection
trigone
82
smooth triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and urethra
trigone
83
how many liters of filtrate do the kidneys produce per day?
180L
84
what converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
85
how does angiotension II increase BP?
it stimulates the hypothalamus which releases aldosterone
86
another name for a bladder infection
cystitis
87
what part of the kindey contains hormones?
DCT
88
which hormones control the DCT?
parathyroid
ADH
Aldosterone
ANP
89
What part of the nephron employs a counter mechanism?
loop of Henle
90
how should urine smell?
aromatic
91
what does the filtration membrane between the blood and the capsular space contain?
the fenestrated endothelium
gel-like basement membrane
visceral membrane
92
which cells degrade macromolecules that make it through the filtration membrane?
glomerular mesangial cells
93
what appears when the bladder is empty and the lining collapses?
rugae
94
where is the detrusor muscle located?
the thick wall of the bladder
95
how is urine pushed towards the bladder?
peristalsis
96
2 routes of tubular reabsorption
transcellular route
| paracellular route
97
location of the vasa recta
run parallel to the loops of Henle
98
normal GFR
120-125 ml/min
99
which limb of the loop of henle reabsorbs Na, Cl, and K?
Ascending limb
100
which limb of the loop of henle reabsorbs water?
the descending limb
101
where does the transcellular route go through?
through tubule cells
102
where does the paracellular route go through?
through leaky tight junctions
103
what releases renin from the granular cells?
reduced stretch of the cells and hypotension
104
how many nephrons does each kidney have?
about 1 million
105
how is backflow of urine in the ureters prevented?
as bladder pressure increases, distal ends of the ureters close, oreventing backflow of urine
106
the opening in the bladder for the ureters and the urethra
trigone
107
the main for behind glomerular filtration
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
108
the opposing forces to Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
Colloid Osmotic Pressure and Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure
109
cells interconnected with gap junctions between macular densa and granular cells
Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells
