chapter 18 study guide 2

Question 1

aggregation involves the cross-linking of pathogens by antibodies to create large aggregates

Answer 1

Agglutination

Question 2

An ____ is a pathogen-specific molecular structure that stimulates the activation of adaptive immune defenses. It is unique to a specific pathogen and can trigger both humoral immunity (antibody production) and cellular immunity

Answer 2

antigen

Question 3

refers to the
adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens,

Answer 3

Specificity

Question 4

refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed

Answer 4

memory

Question 5

An _____(or immunoglobulin) is a glycoprotein produced by B cells that is involved in the body’s defense against pathogens and toxins in the extracellular environment as part of humoral immunity

Answer 5

antibody

Question 6

macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells have the ability to present antigens specifically for the purpose of activating T cells; for this reason, these types of cells are sometimes referred to as

Answer 6

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Question 7

programmed controlled cell death)

Answer 7

apoptosis

Question 8

refers to a weakened strain of a pathogen with decreased virulence achieved through methods such as genetic manipulation (to eliminate key virulence factors) or long-term culturing in an unnatural host or environment (to promote mutations and decrease virulence)

Answer 8

Attenuated

Question 9

are formed from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow and follow a
pathway through lymphoid stem cell and lymphoblast

Answer 9

B cell

Question 10

for naïve mature B cells are membrane-bound monomeric forms of IgD and IgM, consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds into a basic “Y” shape.

Answer 10

B-cell receptors (BCRs)

Question 11

Helper T cells and
regulatory T cells are characterized by the expression of ___ on their surface

Answer 11

CD4

Question 12

cytotoxic T cells are
characterized by the expression of ___.

Answer 12

CD8

Question 13

are the primary effector cells for cellular immunity. They recognize and target cells that have been infected
by intracellular pathogens, destroying infected cells along with the pathogens inside

Answer 13

cytotoxic
T cells

Question 14

The two types of helper T cells are relatively short-lived _____, meaning that they
perform various functions of the immediate immune response

Answer 14

effector cells

Question 15

an ____ is a smaller exposed region on the surface of antigens that antibodies and T cells recognize and interact with.

Answer 15

epitope

Question 16

are proteases that enter the pores and induce apoptosis.

Answer 16

granzymes

Question 17

“Remember” a specific pathogen and mount a strong, rapid secondary response upon re exposure

Answer 17

Memory helper T
cells

Question 18

is a phenomenon where even susceptible individuals in a population are protected from a disease because there are too few susceptible individuals for the disease to spread effectively. It is not related to an individual’s ability to mount an effective immune response.

Answer 18

herd immunity

Question 19

adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

Answer 19

humoral immunity

Question 20

the ______ is the initial stage of the primary antibody response, lasting approximately 10 days, during which no antibody can be detected in the serum.

Answer 20

lag period (or latent period)

Question 21

This period is the time required for all the steps of the primary response, including:

Naïve mature B cell binding of antigen with BCRs.
Antigen processing and presentation.
Helper T cell activation.
B cell activation and clonal proliferation.

Answer 21

lag period

Question 22

However, the role of antigens is not limited to humoral immunity and the
production of antibodies; antigens also play an essential role in stimulating cellular immunity, and for this reason
antigens are sometimes more accurately referred to as?

Answer 22

immunogens

Question 23

are specialized immune cells involved in adaptive specific immunity, which includes B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells).

Answer 23

lymphocytes

Question 24

The_____ is a collection of genes coding for MHC molecules found on the surface of all nucleated cells of the body.

Answer 24

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 25

involves the binding of certain antibodies (IgG, IgM, or IgA) to epitopes on the surface of pathogens or toxins, preventing their attachment to cells

Answer 25

Neutralization

Question 26

refers to the transfer of adaptive immune defenses from another individual or animal

Answer 26

passive immunity

Question 27

are antibody factories that secrete large quantities of antibodies

Answer 27

Plasma cells

Question 28

is a protein that creates pores in the target cell

Answer 28

Perforin

Question 29

is a form of artificial immunity that stimulates the adaptive immune defenses by artificially triggering memory cell production, similar to what happens during a primary response. This process allows the individual to mount a strong secondary response upon exposure to the pathogen, without having to experience the initial infection

Answer 29

vaccination

Question 30

refers to the deliberate inoculation of individuals with infectious material from scabs or pustules of smallpox victims.

Answer 30

Variolation

Question 31

Lag period of ~10 days before antibodies appear. Shorter lag period, reduced to just a few days.

Answer 31

Primary Response: Secondary Response:

Question 32

Activation of the adaptive immune defenses is triggered by pathogen-specific molecular structures called _____.

Answer 32

antigens

Question 33

For this reason antigens are sometimes more accurately referred to as _______

Answer 33

immunogens

Question 34

Antibodies and T cells do not recognize and interact with an entire antigen but with smaller exposed regions on the surface of antigens called ______.

Answer 34

epitopes

Question 35

Binds to antigen, neutralizes pathogens, agglutination, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Answer 35

Fab (Fragment of Antigen Binding)

Question 36

Binds complement factors, assists in opsonization (binding to phagocytic cells)

Answer 36

Fc (Fragment of Crystallization)

Question 36

Most abundant in blood: Passed to fetus via placenta: Most abundant in blood: 80% of serum antibody

Answer 36

IgG

Question 37

Shape: Y-shaped Chains: Light Chains: 2 Heavy Chains: 2 binding sites : 2

Answer 37

antibody strucutre

Question 38

Found in mucus, tears, saliva, and breast milk: Protects mucous membranes by trapping pathogens

Answer 38

IgA

Question 39

First antibody in initial infection:

Answer 39

IgM

Question 40

Acts as receptor on B cells: Found only in trace amounts in serum

Answer 40

IgD

Question 41

Effective against large parasites

Answer 41

IgE

Question 42

Involved in allergic reactions:

Answer 42

IgE

Question 43

Helper T cells and regulatory T cells are characterized by the expression of ____on their surface, whereas cytotoxic T cells are characterized by the expression of ___.

Answer 43

CD 4 CD 8

Question 44

A single T cell expresses TCRs that are specific to only one unique ____.

Answer 44

epitope

Question 45

Which comes first: the TCR or the antigen?

Answer 45

TCR

Question 46

are short-lived and carry out the immediate functions of the immune response, such as activating other immune cells or directing immune processes.

Answer 46

Effector cells (e.g., TH1 and TH2 cells)

Question 47

are long-lived and remain in the body to "remember" specific antigens. They enable a faster and stronger immune response during subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.

Answer 47

Memory cells

Question 48

Why is the formation of memory cells important to adaptive immunity?

Answer 48

long term immunity

Question 49

Binding to the infected cell via their TCR recognizing the antigen-MHC I complex. Releasing perforin, which creates pores in the target cell membrane. Delivering granzymes, proteases that enter the cell through the pores and trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Answer 49

how cytotoxic cells kill

Question 50

Cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens. Cancerous or tumor cells displaying abnormal antigens. Foreign cells, such as those from a transplanted organ,

Answer 50

cytotoxic cell targets

Question 51

A ______ is a massive, uncontrolled release of cytokines caused by the excessive activation of the immune system, such as through superantigens

Answer 51

cytokine storm

Question 52

_________ are dangerous because they cause severe systemic inflammation, leading to: A dangerous drop in blood pressure (shock). Multi-organ failure. Potential death due to overwhelming immune and inflammatory responses.

Answer 52

cytokine storms

Question 53

A ____ is a differentiated B cell that functions as an antibody factory. It secretes large quantities of antibodies specific to the antigen that triggered the B cell's activation.

Answer 53

plasma cell

Question 54

In a _____, this lag period is approximately 10 days and involves: Antigen recognition by naïve B cells. Antigen processing and presentation to helper T cells. Helper T cell activation. B cell activation, clonal proliferation, and differentiation into plasma cells.

Answer 54

primary response

Question 55

in a ____, the lag period is significantly shorter, typically only a few days, due to the presence of memory B cells that quickly recognize and respond to the antigen

Answer 55

secondary response

Question 56

Involves activation of an individual's own immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells. Results in long-lasting immunity. Example: Recovery from chickenpox or receiving a vaccine.

Answer 56

Active Immunity:

Question 57

Involves the transfer of antibodies from another individual or source. Provides immediate but temporary protection (no memory cells are formed). Example: Antibodies passed from parent to infant through the placenta or receiving an antitoxin.

Answer 57

passive immunity

Question 58

Acquired through natural exposure. Example: Active: Immune response to an infection. Passive: Antibodies passed to an infant via breast milk.

Answer 58

natural immunity

Question 59

Acquired through medical intervention. Example: Active: Immunization with vaccines. Passive: Administration of antibody-containing serum for post-exposure prophylaxis (e.g., rabies).

Answer 59

Artificial Immunity: