Chapter 8 Study Guide

Question 1

Is the collision energy required for a chemical reaction

Answer 1

Activation energy

Question 2

Is the energy needed to form or break chemical bonds and convert reactants to products

Answer 2

Activation energy

Question 3

Enzymes LOWER the ______ by binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way to speed up the reaction

Answer 3

Activation energy

Question 4

The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the enzymes

Answer 4

Active site

Question 5

Is generated by oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

A location other than the active site, still manages to block substrate binding to the active site by inducing a conformational change that reduces affinity of the enzyme for its substrate

Answer 6

Allosteric site

Question 7

Are inorganic ions such as iron (Fe2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) that help stabilize enzyme conformation and function

Example: DNA polymerase

Answer 7

Cofactors

Question 8

NADH and ATP are also both examples of commonly used _____ that provide high energy electrons or phosphate groups, respectively, which bind to enzymes, thereby activating them.

Answer 8

Coenzymes

Question 9

Donates electrons to the electron transport chain, helping to drive the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 9

Fadh2

Question 10

After fermentation is finished, the final outcome is

Answer 10

2 atp

2 nad+

Question 11

The net gain from glycolysis is

Answer 11

2 ATP

2 NADH

2 pyruvate

Question 12

Produces lactic acid only

Produces lactic acid and other compounds

Answer 12

Homolactic

Heterolacic

Question 13

Produce their own food from inorganic materials

Obtain energy by consuming organic matter

Answer 13

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Question 14

Obtain energy from chemical reactions

Use inorganic sources like sunlight or chemical compounds for energy and co2 as a carbon source

Answer 14

Chemotrophs

Autotrophs

Question 15

Algae is

Answer 15

Photoautotroph

Question 16

Fungus and protozoan are both

Answer 16

Chemoheterotrophs

Question 17

Use light for energy but organic compounds for carbon

Obtain energy from chemical reactions and use CO2 as a carbon source

Answer 17

Photoheterotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Question 18

In glycolysis, is sugar being reduced or oxidized

Answer 18

Oxidized

Question 19

What 3 carbon molecule is a product of glycolysis

Answer 19

Pyruvate

Question 20

In glycolysis, what happens to NAD+

Answer 20

It is reduced to NADH

Question 21

In glycolysis how many net ATP are made ?

Answer 21

2

Question 22

What happens to pyruvic acid before moving on to the Krebs cycle

Answer 22

Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA

Question 23

In addition to NAD+, what other electron carrier is reduced during the Krebs cycle

Answer 23

FAD is reduced to FADH2

Question 24

How many net ATP are made during the Krebs cycle

Answer 24

2 ATP

Question 25

What molecules produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle will bring electrons to the ETS ?

Answer 25

NADH and FADH2

Question 26

As the electrons are passed down the ETS, what happens to the hydrogen ions released NADH and fadh2 ?

Answer 26

The hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, creating a proton gradient

Question 27

What role does ATP synthase serve in ets

Answer 27

Flow of hydrogen ions Synthesis of atp

Question 28

How does ATP production from the ETS compare to glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Answer 28

Ets produces significantly more ATP compared to glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Question 29

During aerobic respiration, what critical role does oxygen play ?

Answer 29

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the ETs

Question 30

What would happen if a cell that used aerobic respiration was deprived of oxygen

Answer 30

Without oxygen, the ETS would stop, leading to a halt in ATP production, that would force the cell to rely on less efficient methods like fermentation

Question 31

How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration

Answer 31

Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen as it’s final electron receptor and typically produces less atp

Question 32

Is fermentation an aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 32

Anaerobic

Question 33

Which step of the cellular respiration does fermentation rely solely on

Answer 33

Glycolysis

Question 34

What happens to the pyruvic acid that is produced during fermentation

Answer 34

It is converted into lactic acid or ethanol

Question 35

What are the two most important types of compounds produced as result of fermentation

Answer 35

Lactic acid ethanol

Question 36

What is lipase

Answer 36

An enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 37

What is proteases

Answer 37

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids

Question 38

Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to make a polypeptide, this is an example of

Answer 38

Anabolism

Question 39

Is the frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction

Answer 39

Reaction rate

Question 40

Is the number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

Answer 40

Turnover number

Question 41

Protein portion (inactive when alone) Non protein component, may be a metallic ion (mg2+) A coenzyme (organic cofactor) Apoenzyme plus cofactor (whole, active enzyme form)

Answer 41

Apoenzyme Cofactor Holoenzyme

Question 42

The enzyme illustrated is most active at about pH

Answer 42

5.0

Question 43

Fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate

Answer 43

Competitive inhibitors

Question 44

Begins when when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor

Answer 44

Cellular respiration

Question 45

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular

Answer 45

Oxygen

Question 46

Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules Does not require oxygen Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETS Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor Produces small amounts of atp

Answer 46

Fermentation

Question 47

Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid, which is then reduced by

Answer 47

NADH

Question 48

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid

Answer 48

Fermentation

Question 49

Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and co 2 Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid; pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde and co2; NADH reduces acetalhyde to ethanol.

Answer 49

Alcohol fermentation