Study Guide Lecture 1 Part 2

Question 1

Is a microscopic organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye

Answer 1

Microbes

Question 2

Refers to a set of practices and procedures used to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms in medical, laboratory, and other settings.

Prevent contamination of sterile surfaces

Answer 2

Aseptic technique

Question 3

Hand hygiene
Sterilization of equipment
Use of PPE
Disinfecting surfaces
Minimizing exposures

Answer 3

Aseptic techniques

Question 4

A ______ is a substance used to set or stabilize stains of dyes; in this case, grams iodine acts like a trapping agent that complexes with the crystal violet, making the crystal violet iodine complex clump and stay contained in thick layers of peptidoglycan in the cell walls.

Answer 4

Mordant

Question 5

Combines positive staining with negative staining

Basic dye stains the cell

Acidic dye stains the background

The ______ appears as a halo around a colored cell

Answer 5

Capsule

Question 6

The major component of bacterial cell walls is called _______; it is only found in bacteria.

Answer 6

Peptidoglycan

Question 7

Typically Form the bulky mass of extra cellular matrix

Answer 7

Proteoglycans

Question 8

Gram negative cell walls are structurally more complex, containing a thin layer peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing

Answer 8

Lipopolysaccharide

Question 9

Functions as an endotoxin in infections involving gram negative bacteria, contributing to symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and septic shock.

Answer 9

Lipopolysaccharide

Question 10

States that diseases may result from microbial infection

Answer 10

Germ theory of disease

Question 11

Occurs when when a wave bounces off of a material.

A red piece of cloth may reflect red light to our eyes while absorbing other colors of light.

Answer 11

Reflection

Question 12

Occurs when a material captures the energy of a light wave.

In the case of glow and the dark plastics, the energy from light absorbed and then later re-emitted as another form of phosphorescence.

Answer 12

Absorbance

Question 13

Occurs when light waves change direction as they enter a new medium

Answer 13

Refraction

Question 14

Is defined as the ability of a lens to enlarge the image of an object when compared to a real one

Answer 14

Magnification

Question 15

Magnification of 10X means that the image appears _____ the size of the object as viewed with the naked eye

Answer 15

10 times larger

Question 16

Is the ability to tell that two separate points or objects are separate

Poor _____ results in a fuzzy image

Answer 16

Resolution

Question 17

Resolution is affected by

Answer 17

Wave length

Numerical aperture

Question 18

The _____ of a lens indicates how much it can magnify a specimen

Answer 18

Power

Question 19

Bacteria require greater _____ than eukaryotic cells

Answer 19

Magnification

Question 20

Is the visible difference between a specimen and its background

Answer 20

Contrast

Question 21

Most cells are transparent, resulting in low _____ when viewed on a light background

Answer 21

Contrast

Question 22

Staining cells increases ______, increasing visibility

Answer 22

Contrast

Question 23

Placing _____ between the lens and specimen reduces refraction
More light is captured by objective lens

Results in greater resolution at higher magnification

Answer 23

Immersion oil

Question 24

Immersions oil lenses (usually 100x) are specially designed to be used with immersion oil. Do not use immersion oil with

Answer 24

40 x objective

Question 25

Adheres the specimen to the slide Kills the cells Coagulates cytoplasm proteins, which can increase visibility when stained Common fixatives : heat and chemicals

Answer 25

Fixation

Question 26

If a sample is to be stained a ____ must be made

Answer 26

Smear

Question 27

A ____ is composed of all the microbes that live in and on a host Estimated ranges 1:1 to 10:1

Answer 27

Microbiome

Question 28

Colonize the host long term Do not cause disease under normal conditions May cause opportunistic disease

Answer 28

Normal microbiota

Question 29

Colonize the host for a short period of time May be present for days, weeks, or months

Answer 29

Transient microbiota

Question 30

This pump uses ATP as energy to move three Na+ ions out and two K+ in

Answer 30

Sodium potassium pump

Question 31

More microbes are established during and immediately after birth Vaginal birth Cesarean birth

Answer 31

Lactobacillius and bacteriodes Staphylococcus epidermis

Question 32

Antibiotic use is associated with

Answer 32

Yeast infections Vaginitis Thrush C. Difficile colitis

Question 33

Is a disease caused by a eukaryotic parasite transmitted to humans by mosquitoes

Answer 33

Malaria

Question 34

Is a common fungal infection of the skin

Answer 34

Ringworm

Question 35

Causes thrush and vaginitis

Answer 35

Candida albicans

Question 36

A dimorphic fungus, causes subcutaneous mycoses also know as

Answer 36

Rose gardener disease

Question 37

Algae May cause disease in humans due to harmful algal blooms

Answer 37

Red tide

Question 38

Is an effective method to distinguish between bacteria with different types of cell walls, and is the most frequently used staining techniques

Answer 38

Gram staining

Question 39

Steps to gram staining

Answer 39

1. First crystal violet, primary stain is applied to heat fixed smear 2. Next gram mordant is added 3. Next a decolorizing agent is added usually an ethanol or an acetone 4. Finally a counterstain usually Safranin

Question 40

Gram stain process step 1

Answer 40

Crystal violet Primary stain is added to specimen smear Stains cells purple or blue

Question 41

Gram stain step 2

Answer 41

Iodine Mordant makes dye less soluble so it adheres to cell walls Cells remain purple or blue

Question 42

Gram staining step 3

Answer 42

Alcohol Decolorizer washes away stain from gram negative cells Gram positive cells remain purple or blue Gram negative cells remain colorless

Question 43

Gram staining step 4

Answer 43

Safranin Counterstain allows dye adherence to gram negative cells Gram positive cells remain purple or blue Gram negative cells appear pink or red

Question 44

An ______ is able to differentiate two types of gram positive cells: those that have waxy mycolic acids in their cell walls, and those that do not.

Answer 44

Acid fast stain

Question 45

Do not absorb basic dyes; therefore, a negative staining technique (staining around the cells) is typically used for _______. The dye stains the background but does not penetrate the capsules, which appear like halos around the borders of the cell.

Answer 45

Capsule staining

Question 46

Uses two stains to differentiate endospores from the rest of the cell. The schaffer Fulton method uses heat to push the primary stain _________ into the endospore. Washing with water decolorizes the cell but the endospore retains the green stain. Counter stain for endospore staining ?

Answer 46

Endospore staining Malachite green Safranin pink

Question 47

Endospore staining techniques are important for identifying ____________ and _________, the two genera of endospore producing bacteria that contain clinically significant species.

Answer 47

Bacillus and clostridium Anthrax and c. Diff

Question 48

The waxy acid fast cells retain the carbolfuchsin even after a Decolorizering is applied, a secondary counter stain methylene blue, is then applied, which renders non acid fast cells blue.

Answer 48

Acid fast staining

Question 49

When light passes from one medium to another, the light ray bends

Answer 49

Refraction of light

Question 50

Are tail like cellular structures used for locomotion by some bacteria, archea, and eukaryotes

Answer 50

Flagella