Study Guide Lecture 1 Exam

Question 1

No nucleus
Prokaryotes
Single celled

Peptidoglycan cell walls

Answer 1

Bacteria

Question 2

Examples of bacteria

Answer 2

Escherichia coli and streptococcus

Question 3

Are prokaryotes
May or may not have cell walls

Often live in extreme environments (very salty, very hot)
Extremopiles

Are not known to cause disease in humans

Answer 3

Archaea

Question 4

Bacteria are _____ because their genetic makeup DNA is not housed within a true nucleus

Answer 4

Prokaryotic

Question 5

Common bacterial shapes

Answer 5

Coccus
Bacillus
Vibrio
Coccobacillus
Spirillum
Spirochete

Question 6

Unlike most bacteria, archaeal cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, but their cell walls are often composed of a similar substance called ______?

Answer 6

Pseudo peptidoglycan

Question 7

This domain contains all plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Has a true nucleus

Answer 7

Eukarya

Question 8

Helminths
Fungi
Protists (algae, Protozoa)

Answer 8

Eukaryotic microbes

Question 9

Are an informal grouping of eukaryotes, that are not plants, animals, or fungi.
All Protozoa are examples of_____?

Answer 9

Protists

Question 10

Most are protists, they have cellulose cell walls, found in freshwater, and use photosynthesis for energy.

Answer 10

Algae

Question 11

Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
Maybe mobile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Free living or parasitic (derive nutrients from a living host)

Answer 11

Protozoa

Question 12

Are not photosynthetic, and their cell walls are usually made of chitin rather than cellulose.

Answer 12

Fungi

Question 13

Are unicellular

Some _____ have beneficial uses, such as causing bread to rise and beverages to ferment; can also cause food to spoil. Some can even cause diseases, such as a vaginal yeast infections and oral thrush.

Answer 13

Yeast

Question 14

May produce toxins, cause allergies, spoil food, or even be used as sources of medicine (penicillin)

Answer 14

Molds

Question 15

Acellular
Consist of genetic material DNA and RNA
Protein coat (capsid)
Are replicated only when they are in a living host
Inert outside living host

Answer 15

Viruses

Question 16

Homo sapien domain and kingdom

Answer 16

Domain = eukarya

Kingdom = animalia

Question 17

Escherichia coli domain and kingdom

Answer 17

Bacteria

Question 18

Candida albicans

Answer 18

Domain is eukarya

Kingdom is fungi

Question 19

Plasmodium falciparum

Causes malaria

Answer 19

Kingdom is protists

Domain is eukarya

Question 20

Halobacterium salinarum

Answer 20

Domain = archea

Kingdom archea

Question 21

Schistosoma mansoni

A water born parasite and belongs to the group of flukes

Answer 21

Kingdom animalia

Domain eukarya

Question 22

Used a simple microscope to view his “wee little besties”

The father of microbiology, credited with the discovery of micro organisms

Answer 22

Antoine van leeuwenhoek

Question 23

A French chemist, showed that individual microbial stains had unique properties and demonstrated that FERMENTATION is caused by microorganisms. He also invented pasteurization, a process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoilage, and developed vaccines for the treatment of diseases, including rabies.

Answer 23

Louis Pasteur

Question 24

A German physician, was the first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known human disease. For example he discovered the bacteria that caused anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.

Answer 24

Robert Koch

Question 25

Proposed a series of postulates based on the idea that the cause of a specific disease could be attributed to a specific microbe.

Answer 25

Robert Koch “Koch’s postulates”

Question 26

Developed procedures for the proper care of surgical wounds and the sterilization of equipment. Established a protocol to the cause of infectious disease

Answer 26

Lister Koch

Question 27

Believed that microbes from the air could be a source of contamination Used specially crafted swan necked flasks to disprove spontaneous generation

Answer 27

Louis Pasteur

Question 28

50% of surgical patients died from infection Advocated for hand washing and sanitation Began using phenol carbolic acid as a disinfectant

Answer 28

Joseph lister

Question 29

Monomer name : monosaccharide Polymer name : polysaccharides Function : provide energy and structural support Location: found in cell walls (plants cellulose), liver/muscles (glycogen), cytoplasma (glucose) Special properties: soluble in water can form complex structures

Answer 29

Carbohydrates

Question 30

Monomer: amino acids Polymer : polypeptides Function : structural support, enzymes, transport and signaling Special properties: folding determines function primary, secondary, tertiary, Diverse structures and functions, can denature Reaction: dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

Answer 30

Proteins

Question 31

Monomer : nucleotides (A T C G for DNA and A U C G for RNA Polymer : DNA and RNA Function : storage and transmit genetic information Location : nucleus DNA (eukaryotes) and cytoplasma RNA (prokaryotes) Special properties: double helix DNA and single strand RNA Reaction : dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

Answer 31

Nucleic acids

Question 32

Monomer: fatty acids and glycerol Polymer : triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids Function : store energy, cell membrane structure, signaling Location : cell membranes, adipose tissues Special properties: hydrophobic, non polar Reaction: dehydration synthesis forms lipids Hydrolysis breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 32

Lipids

Question 33

Provides structural support and protection, surrounds the plasma membrane, helps maintain shape, composed of peptidoglycan in bacteria

Answer 33

Cell wall (prokaryotic)

Question 34

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Just inside the cell wall encases the cytoplasma. Composed of phospholipid bilayer. Proteins are embedded within the membrane or attached to the side of the membrane semipermeable

Answer 34

Plasma membrane (prokaryotic)

Question 35

While prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, they still have DNA, the condensed region of DNA within a prokaryotic cell is called the

Answer 35

Nucleiod (prokaryotic)

Question 36

Are small circular pieces of extrachromosomal DNA, they carry nonessential genes, they often contain genes for antibiotic resistance, adaptability to environmental stressors, toxins. Can be exchanged between bacteria, providing genetic variability within a population.

Answer 36

Plasmids (prokaryotic)

Question 37

Longer than fimbrae, less numerous. Used for attachment and exchanging DNA Genes can be turned on or off depending on the needs of the cell.

Answer 37

Pili

Question 38

The basic structure of a bacterial _______ consists of a basal body, hook, and filament. Movements occur in a series of runs (swimming in one direction) and tumbles (stops)

Answer 38

Flagella

Question 39

1. Bundled flagella (counter clockwise rotation) 2. Flagella separated (clockwise rotation)

Answer 39

1. Run 2. Tumble

Question 40

1. Are the site of protein synthesis in all cells 2. Are found in cytoplasma Are composed of two sub units 30s + 50s

Answer 40

1. Ribosome 2. Prokaryotic ribosomes 3. Total ribosome size 70s prokaryotic

Question 41

Can form when environmental conditions are not ideal Environmental stressors induces ______ The dna becomes encapsulated in protective coat, the surrounding vegetative cell degrades, releasing_______

Answer 41

Endospores

Question 42

The domain of life

Answer 42

Bacteria Archea Eukarya

Question 43

Kingdom of life

Answer 43

Animalia Plantae Fungi Protist Eubacteria Archea

Question 44

Solution outside of the cell moves in Solution equalizes Solution inside of the cell moves outside of the cell

Answer 44

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic