Chapter 7

Question 1

Is the chemistry of life

Answer 1

Biochemistry

Question 2

The most abundant element in cells is hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. We call these elements _______, and they account for 99% of the dry weight of cells.

Answer 2

Macronutrients

Question 3

Some elements, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, molybdenum, copper, cobalt, manganese, or vanadium, are required by some cells in very small amounts and are called_________.

Answer 3

Micronutrients

Question 4

The four most abundant elements in living matter (_________) have low atomic numbers and are thus light elements capable of forming strong blonds with other atoms to produce molecules.

Answer 4

Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen

Question 5

The simplest hydrocarbon

The simplest organic compound is __________, in which carbons only bind to hydrogen.

Answer 5

Methane

Question 6

With just these four elements, complex macromolecules can be formed

Answer 6

Carbon 4 bonds
Nitrogen 3 bonds
Oxygen 2 bonds
Hydrogen 1 bond

Question 7

Bio molecules contain many carbon atoms bonded together to form a

Answer 7

Carbon skeleton

Question 8

The _______ gives the molecule a unique shape

Answer 8

Carbon skeleton

Question 9

A _______ illustrates how atoms in a molecule are linked together

Single bond
Double bond
Triple bond

Answer 9

Structural formula

Question 10

Living organisms contain _______ and ______

Answer 10

Inorganic compounds and organic molecules

Question 11

Organic molecules contain ________; inorganic compounds do not.

Answer 11

Carbon

Question 12

Carbon oxides and carbonates are exceptions; they contain carbon but are considered inorganic because they do not contain ________.

Answer 12

Hydrogen

Question 13

Inorganic compounds make up _____ of the dry weight of living cells

Answer 13

1%-1.5%

Question 14

Most of the carbon found in organic molecules originates from inorganic carbon sources such as __________ captured via carbon fixation by microorganisms

Answer 14

Carbon dioxide

Question 15

Two molecules may have the same chemical formula but different structures

Answer 15

Isomers

Question 16

The Three sugars to the right all have the same chemical formula

Answer 16

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

C6 H12 O6

Question 17

As a result of carbons unique combination of size and bonding properties, carbon atoms can bind together in large numbers, thus producing a chain or ________.

Answer 17

Carbon skeleton

Question 18

Molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement of atoms are called

Answer 18

Isomers

Question 19

The monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same molecular formula,

Answer 19

C6 H12 O6

Question 20

Are arrangements of atoms that are commonly seen in organic molecules
Can be found attached to a wide variety of molecules

Answer 20

Functional group

Question 21

Groups of atoms within molecules that are categorized by their specific chemical composition and the chemical reactions they perform, regardless of the molecule in which the group is found

Answer 21

Functional group

Question 22

The portion of a molecule attached to a functional group is designated

Answer 22

“R”

Question 23

3 groups of macromolecules form by linking repeating units called monomers

Answer 23

Carbohydrates :monosaccharides
Proteins : amino acids
Nucleic acids : nucleotides

Question 24

Monomers for:

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Answer 24

Monosaccharide
Amino acids
Nucleotides

Question 25

Lipids, the 4th major type of macromolecule are formed from long ______ chains

Answer 25

Hydrocarbon

Question 26

Most abundant bio molecules on earth Formula is CH20

Answer 26

Carbohydrates

Question 27

These molecules are also vital parts of macromolecular structures that store and transmit genetic information. They are the basis of biological polymers that impart strength to various structural components of organisms (cellulose and chitin), and they are the primary source of energy storage in the form of starch and glycogen

Answer 27

Carbohydrates

Question 28

Sugar for DNA Sugar for RNA

Answer 28

Deoxyribose Ribose

Question 29

The simplest carbohydrates are called _________, or simple sugars

Answer 29

Monosaccharides

Question 30

They are the building blocks (monomers) for the synthesis of polymers or complex carbohydrates.

Answer 30

Monosaccharides

Question 31

Carbohydrates are classified as _____, from the Greek sakcharon, meaning sugar

Answer 31

Saccharides

Question 32

Saccharides are identified by the ending

Answer 32

-ose

Question 33

Two monosaccharides can bond to form a

Answer 33

Disaccharide

Question 34

A covalent bond between the two monosaccharides is a

Answer 34

Glycosidic bond

Question 35

Common disaccharides include

Answer 35

Lactose Maltose Sucrose

Question 36

Also called glycans, contains hundreds of monosaccharides, not sweet, insoluble in water.

Answer 36

Polysaccharides

Question 37

Common polysaccharides

Answer 37

Starch Glycogen Cellulose

Question 38

Table sugar Milk

Answer 38

Sucrose Lactose

Question 39

People do not have a gene to digest lactose, bacteria in the gut begin to form gases.

Answer 39

Lactose intolerant

Question 40

Hydrophobic Composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen, may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus Used for energy storage, membranes, hormones

Answer 40

Lipids

Question 41

Are lipids that contain long chain hydrocarbons, a carboxylic acid functional group at the end.

Answer 41

Fatty acids

Question 42

Fatty acids with no double bonds are called

Answer 42

Saturated fatty acids

Question 43

Fatty acids have one or more double bonds

Answer 43

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 44

A _____ has 3 fatty acid tails linked to a molecule of glycerol

Answer 44

Triglyceride

Question 45

Are classified as simple lipids because they are formed from just two types of compounds: glycerol and fatty acid

Answer 45

Triglycerides

Question 46

A phosphate head group, two fatty acid tails, may be saturated or unsaturated, affects membrane fluidity at different temperatures.

Answer 46

Phospholipid

Question 47

Form the bilayer of cell membranes

Answer 47

Phospholipids

Question 48

The negatively charged head group is The fatty acid tails are

Answer 48

Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

Question 49

In water, phospholipids can form

Answer 49

Micelles Bilayers

Question 50

Spherical assemblies containing a hydrophobic interior of phospholipid tails and an outer surface of polar head groups

Answer 50

Micelles

Question 51

Are complex ring structures that are found in cell membranes

Answer 51

Steroids

Question 52

Most common type of steroid

Answer 52

Sterols

Question 53

Is an important part of the animal cell membranes. It can also be used to form some hormones, like testosterone

Answer 53

Cholesterol

Question 54

Are polymers of amino acids Amino acids are joined by Chains of amino acids are called

Answer 54

Proteins Peptide bonds Polypeptides

Question 55

Every amino acid has

Answer 55

A central carbon group An amino group A carboxYl group A side chain

Question 56

Protein structure is categorized in terms of four levels

Answer 56

Primary - amino acid sequence Secondary - localized folding Tertiary - overall 3 dimensional shape of a single peptide Quaternary - only found in proteins composed of 2 or more subunits

Question 57

A protein in its normal, functional form is said to be in its

Answer 57

Native state

Question 58

A _____ protein has an abnormal conformation

Answer 58

Denatured

Question 59

Denaturation can be caused by:

Answer 59

Heat pH changes Organic compounds

Question 60

The spike proteins on the sars-Covid virus are

Answer 60

Glycoproteins

Question 61

Hydrophobic Composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen May also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus Used for : energy storage, membranes, hormones

Answer 61

Lipids

Question 62

Has a lipid attached Are often anchored to one side of a membrane by the lipid portion

Answer 62

Lipoprotein