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Microbiology > Chapter 13 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Study Guide Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Involves applying chemicals to living tissue to reduce microbes

Ex. Hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol

A

Antisepsis

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2
Q

Uses physical or chemical means to reduce the number of microbes on an inanimate surface

Ex. Bleach, vinegar, heat

A

Disinfection

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3
Q

Refers to practices and procedures that prevent contamination, maintain a sterile environment, reduce risk of infection during medical and surgical procedures.

A

Asepsis

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4
Q

Rely on moist heat sterilization, they are used to raise temperatures above the boiling point of water to sterilize items such as surgical equipment from vegetative cells, viruses, and especially endospores.

A

Autoclave

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5
Q

Kills bacteria

Kills viruses

Kill fungi

A

Bactericide

Viricide

Fungicide

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6
Q

Treatments inhibit the growth of bacteria

Treatments inhibit the growth of fungi

A

Bacteriostatic

Fungistatic

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7
Q

Agents prevent further growth but do not kill the microbe

A

Microbiostatic

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8
Q

Cationic molecules that disrupt cell membranes

Example: chlorhexidine

Effective against: gram positive, gram negative, yeast, enveloped viruses

Often used as a surgical scrub and mouthwash

Not effective against naked viruses, endospores, pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Bisbiquanides

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9
Q

A sterilization method that involves steam and pressure
Temps above boiling point
Standard conditions : 121c at 15 psi

Routine testing must be done to ensure proper testing

A

Autoclaving

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10
Q

Categories of cleanliness

A

Critical
Semi critical
Non critical

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11
Q

Risk of introducing microbes directly into the body

Ex: surgical instruments, catheters, IV fluids

A

Critical

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12
Q

Contact with mucus membranes or broken skin

Ex: endospores, respiratory therapy equipment

A

Semi critical

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13
Q

Contact skin but do not penetrate

Ex: linens, stethoscopes, crutches

A

Non critical

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14
Q

Hand washing is an example of

Physical removal of microbes

A

Degerming

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15
Q

Involves removing sufficient microbes to reduce the risk of disease transmission

Commercial dishwashers
Cleaning protocols in healthcare facilities

A

Sanitization

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16
Q

Dehydration slows cellular metabolism, used to preserve foods (dried fruits, jerky) some microbes and endospores will remain

A

Desiccation

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17
Q

Items are flash frozen under a vacuum to remove moisture

Items can be stored at room temperature

Used both for foods and to preserve microbial cultures

A

Lyophilization

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18
Q

Is an inanimate object or surface that can carry and transfer infectious microorganisms, such as door knobs, towels, or medical equipment.

A

Fomite

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19
Q

A method of disinfecting liquids (not sterilizing) using heat

High temperatures short time (HTST)

72c for 15 seconds

Ultra high temperatures (UHT)

138c for > 2 seconds

A

Pasteurization

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20
Q

Was first used by Joseph lister as a surgical disinfectant

Contains a phenol group as part of their structure

Works by denaturing proteins and disrupting membranes

A

Phenolic

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21
Q

Lysol

Phisohex

Triclosan

A

Examples of phenolics

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22
Q

Effectively kill all microbes and viruses, and with appropriate exposure time, can also kill endospores

A

Sterilants

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23
Q

A ______ environment is completely free from all living microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.

A

Sterile

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24
Q

Common methods of sterilization

A

Autoclaving
Dry heat
Chemical sterilization

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25
The complete removal or killing of all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses from the targeted item or enviorment
Sterilization
26
Why is maintaining good aseptic technique critical ?
Prevents contamination of sterile surfaces
27
Medical procedures that carry risk of contamination must be performed in a ______, a designated area that is kept free of all vegetative microbes, endospores, and viruses
Sterile field
28
______ reduces or eliminates most harmful microorganisms on surface or objects but does necessarily eliminate all spores whereas ______ destroys all microorganisms, including spores
Disinfection Sterilization
29
Common methods of disinfection
Chemical disinfectants Ultraviolet light Boiling water Anti microbial wipes
30
How does antisepsis differ from disinfection?
Antisepsis is used on living tissue Disinfection is used on inanimate objects
31
Lowers surface tension of water Found in soaps and detergents
Surfactants
32
What is difference between a method that is microbial and one that is microbiostatic ?
Microbial kills microorganisms outright, eliminating them from the environment Microbiostatic methods inhibit the growth or reproduction of microorganisms
33
The microbial death curve within a population occurs at a
Constant rate
34
Amount of time to reduce the population by 90%
Decimal reduction time DRT
35
What are some physical methods of microbial control
Heat Radiation Pressure Filtration Desiccation
36
What considerations affect the choice of method ?
Degree of effectiveness Availability Cost Time Practicality
37
What is the difference between moist and dry heat ?
Moist heat involves water Dry heat does not involve water
38
1. Examples of dry heat 2. Examples of moist heat
1. Boiling and autoclaves 2. Incinerators Dry ovens Fire
39
Which method is more effective, dry heat or moist heat ?
Moist heat because it penetrates cells better than dry heat
40
What does an autoclave use to achieve sterilization
Uses moist heat and under high pressure
41
Is refrigeration and freezing usually microbial or Microbiostatic
Microbiostatic, they inhibit growth and reproduction of microorganisms rather than killing them
42
Are Pasteurized fluids sterile
No
43
What will likely happen when the item is no longer being refrigerated in terms of microbial count?
The microbes will start increasing
44
In this form of therapy, a patient breathes pure oxygen at a pressure higher than normal atmospheric pressure, typically between 1 and 3 atmospheres
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
45
Helps increase oxygen saturation in tissues that become hypoxic due to infection and inflammation
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
46
How does desiccation inhibit microbial growth
By drying out
47
What can lyophilization be used for ?
Freeze drying
48
How does high salt or sugar in a food limit growth of microbes ?
Creates a hypertonic environment drawing water out of microbial cells
49
How is radiation able to achieve sterilization
By damaging DNA and RNA
50
Uses x rays, gamma, or electron beams Can penetrate plastic & paper Sterilizes by causing irreparable damage to dna Can be used on heat sensitive materials as well as foods
Ionizing radiation
51
Ultraviolet light Lower energy than ionizing radiation Does not penetrate paper or plastic Useful for disinfection
Non-ionizing radiation
52
What type of substances can filtration be used on?
Useful for air and heat sensitive liquids
53
Why is pore size an important consideration with filtration?
Microbes larger than the pores are trapped
54
How do heavy metals achieve disinfection
Inhibit enzymes by binding to proteins and causing denaturation
55
Common heavy metals
Mercury Silver Zinc Copper
56
Oxidizes cellular components Often used as an iodophor Betadine
Iodine
57
Interferes with metabolism in bacteria that cause tooth decay Also strengthens enamel
Fluorine
58
Chlorine gas Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) Hypochlorite salts Chloramines
Chlorine
59
How do alcohols achieve disinfection
Denature proteins and disrupt membranes
60
Alcohols are not effective against
Naked viruses
61
Alcohols can be inhibited by
Dirt
62
Emulsifies dirt and other particles which are then rinsed away
Soaps
63
Also amphipathic More soluble in hard water Includes anionic detergents and quats
Detergents
64
Similar in structure to phospholipids Can disrupt membranes Useful as antiseptics and disinfections
Quats
65
Quarternary ammonia salts
Cationic detergents
66
How do bisbiguanide achieve disinfection.
Cationic molecules that disrupt cell membranes
67
Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde are used as chemical sterilants
Aldehydes
68
What kind of gas can be used as a sterilant
Ethylene oxide
69
Creates free radicals that damage DNA, most common peroxygen
Hydrogen peroxide

Microbiology (30 decks)

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