Chapter 3

Question 1

All living things are composed of one or more cells

Answer 1

Modern cell theory

Question 2

Cells come from other cells

Answer 2

Biogenesis

Question 3

Provides an explanation for how eukaryotic cells could have arisen from prokaryotic cells

Chloroplasts and mitochondria could be descended from prokaryotes that were engulfed by other cells

Answer 3

Endosymbiotic theory

Question 4

While prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, they still have _____?

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

The condensed region of DNA within a prokaryotic cell is called the ______?

Answer 5

Nucleiod

Question 6

Are small circular pieces of extra chromosomal DNA

Carry non essential genes

Often contain genes for antibiotic resistance, adaptability to environmental stressors, toxins

Can be exchanged between bacteria, providing genetic variability within a population

Answer 6

Plasmids

Question 7

Site of protein synthesis

Are composed of two sub units

Answer 7

Ribosomes

Question 8

Prokaryotic subunits

Total size

Answer 8

Ribosomes

30s + 50s

Total ribosome size 70s

Question 9

Members of the genera _______ and ______ are endospore formers

Both of these genera include important human pathogens

Answer 9

Bacillus and clostridium

Question 10

Sporulation

Answer 10

1. DNA replicates
2. Membranes form around the DNA
3. Fore-spore forms additional membranes
4. Protective cortex forms around the spore
5. Protein coat forms around the cortex
6. Endospore is released

Question 11

Phospholipid bilayer

Semipermeable membrane

Answer 11

Plasma membrane

Question 12

Down a concentration gradient

Answer 12

Simple diffusion

Question 13

Allows solutes to cross the membrane down a concentration gradient

From high to low

A protein channel forms a doorway for the molecule

No energy required

Answer 13

Facilitated diffusion

Question 14

Movement is against the concentration gradient from low to high

Energy is required ATP

Answer 14

Active transport

Question 15

Most bacteria have cell walls made of ______?

Chains of disaccharides

Cross linked by peptide bridges

Along with the cytoskeleton, determines the cells shape.

Provides resistance to lysis

Answer 15

Peptidoglycan

Question 16

Some genera of bacteria have waxy cell walls containing

Answer 16

Mycolic acids

Mycobacterium (tuberculosis)

Nocardia (n. Asteroids)

Question 17

The cell walls makes the cells resistant to staining

Answer 17

Acid fast cell walls

Question 18

Some bacteria produces an outer coating of polysaccharide or protein called a

Answer 18

Gycocalyx

Question 19

Capsules can contribute to ________ by: promoting adherence to tissues, and preventing phagocytosis by white blood cells

Answer 19

Pathogenicity

Question 20

Short bristle like

Cover the entire cell surface

Aid in attachment

Answer 20

Fimbriae

Question 21

Longer than fimbriae, less numerous

Used for attachment, exchanging DNA

These genes can be turned on or off depending on the needs of the cell

Answer 21

Pili

Question 22

Flagellar movement occurs in a series of _______ and _______

Answer 22

Runs and tumbles

Question 23

Clockwise rotation of flagella

Answer 23

Tumbling

Question 24

Counter clockwise rotation of flagella

Answer 24

Running

Question 25

Bacteria can move towards or away from a chemical stimulant such a sugar

Answer 25

Chemotaxis

Question 26

Bacteria can move toward light

Answer 26

Phototaxis

Question 27

May be unicellular or multicellular

Answer 27

Eukaryotes

Question 28

A double membrane within the cell contains

Answer 28

DNA Nucleoplasma

Question 29

Eukaryotic cells contain a _______ Eukaryotic chromosomes are _______

Answer 29

Nucleus Linear

Question 30

The DNA is wrapped around proteins called

Answer 30

Histones

Question 31

The ________ is found within the nucleus Site of rna synthesis and ribosome pre assembly

Answer 31

Nucleolus

Question 32

Made up of 2 subunits 40s and 60s Total size 80s Site of protein synthesis Membrane bound ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 32

Ribosomes

Question 33

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have _____ ribosomes similar to prokaryotes

Answer 33

70s

Question 34

A series of flattened membranes sacs near the plasma membrane Modifies proteins and lipids Modified molecules are then inserted into the plasma membrane or secreted outside of the cell via Exocytosis

Answer 34

Golgi apparatus

Question 35

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes

Answer 35

Lysosomes

Question 36

A series of micro filaments, intermediate filaments, and micro tubules Provides internal support Involved in intracellular transport

Answer 36

Cytoskeleton

Question 37

Site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells A double membrane surrounding a thick fluid matrix Inner membrane has folds called cristae

Answer 37

Mitochondria

Question 38

The plasma membrane invaginates to bring material into the cell

Answer 38

Endocytosis

Question 39

Produce hydrogen peroxide, catalase, and involved in lipid biosynthesis

Answer 39

Peroxisomes

Question 40

Similar to the plasma membrane of prokaryotes, contains sterols, cholesterol, ergosterol, affect membrane fluidity

Answer 40

Plasma membrane (eukaryote)

Question 41

Has ribosomes on its surface and packages proteins for transport in the cell

Answer 41

Rough ER

Question 42

Lacks ribosomes on its surface; pinches off bubbles of membrane for growth and repair proteins for secretion

Answer 42

Smooth ER

Question 43

Long membrane extensions that move substances along the surface

Answer 43

Cilia

Question 44

Are shorter than flagella and cover the surface of the cell Beat in a wave like fashion

Answer 44

Cilia

Question 45

Similar to prokaryotic flagella are long and thin Microtubule arrangement allow for bending

Answer 45

Flagella (eukaryotic)