study guide adaptive immunity

Question 1

● is the body’s specific defense mechanism that involves the recognition and targeted response to pathogens.

Answer 1

Adaptive immunity

Question 2

adaptive immunity has two specific characteristics

Answer 2

specificity

memory

Question 3

Targets specific antigens.

Answer 3

specificity

Question 4

Provides quicker and stronger responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

Answer 4

memory

Question 5

lymphocytes

Answer 5

B cells

T cells

Question 6

mediate humoral immunity (antibody production)

Answer 6

B cells

Question 7

mediate cell mediated immunity

Answer 7

T cells

Question 8

molecules that elicit an immune response○ Can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other macromolecules on the pathogen surface..

Answer 8

antigens

Question 9

○ Include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
○ Capture antigens and present them to T cells using Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules.

Answer 9

APCs antigen presenting cells

Question 10

○ Involves B cells and the production of antibodies.

Answer 10

humoral immunity

Question 11

Occurs when B cells bind to specific antigens and receive help from helper T cells.

Answer 11

Activation of B cells

Question 12

Clonal selection: Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into:

Answer 12

plasma and memory B cells

Question 13

secrete antibodies

Answer 13

plasma cells

Question 14

provide long term immunity

Answer 14

memory B cells

Question 15

Coordinate immune responses by releasing cytokines.

Answer 15

Helper T cells (CD4+):

Question 16

Kill infected or cancerous cells.

Answer 16

2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+):

Question 17

Antigens presented by MHC class I molecules activate

Answer 17

cytotoxic T cells

Question 18

2. Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells by releasing

Answer 18

perforins and granzymes.

Question 19

The initial exposure to an antigen leads to a slower and weaker response.

Answer 19

Primary response:

Question 20

○Subsequent exposures result in a rapid and robust response due to memory cells.

Answer 20

Secondary response:

Question 21

produced by plasma cells

Answer 21

antibodies

Question 22

binds to specific antigens

Answer 22

variable region

Question 23

determines the antibody class

Answer 23

constant region

Question 24

classes of antibodies

Answer 24

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

Question 25

○ Signaling molecules that regulate immune responses. ○ Examples: Interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors.

Answer 25

cytokines

Question 26

Found on all nucleated cells; presents to cytotoxic T cells.

Answer 26

MHC Class I

Question 27

Found on APCs; presents to helper T cells.

Answer 27

MHC Class 2

Question 28

Prevents pathogens from infecting cells.

Answer 28

neutralization

Question 29

Enhances phagocytosis by marking pathogens.

Answer 29

2. Opsonization:

Question 30

Clumps antigens for easier removal.

Answer 30

3. Agglutination:

Question 31

Triggers complement cascade for pathogen destruction.

Answer 31

4. Complement activation:

Question 32

The process by which a lymphocyte is activated and proliferates in response to a specific antigen.

Answer 32

● Clonal Selection:

Question 33

The specific region of an antigen recognized by the immune system.

Answer 33

epitope

Question 34

The immune system's ability to recognize and avoid attacking self-antigens.

Answer 34

● Self-Tolerance:

Question 35

When the immune system attacks self-antigens (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus).

Answer 35

autoimmune diseases

Question 36

Impairment of adaptive immunity (e.g., HIV/AIDS affects T helper cells).

Answer 36

2. Immunodeficiencies:

Question 37

Hypersensitive reactions to harmless antigens.

Answer 37

allergies