chapter 17 and 18 class notes

Question 1

immunity that you are born with

immunity that you are not born with

Answer 1

innate

acquired

Question 2

adaptive/memory immunity is

Answer 2

acquired immunity

Question 3

innate immunity cells

Answer 3

neutrophils
basophils
mast cells
monocytes
eosinophils

Question 4

acquired immunity cells

Answer 4

lymphocytes

Question 5

PMNC eat bacteria/alert

Answer 5

neutrophils

Question 6

eat bacteria/slide out of blood stream

Answer 6

monocyte

Question 7

full of signaling/plays a role in multicellular pathogens

-allergies

Answer 7

eosinophils

Question 8

least common/inflammation

-releases histamines

Answer 8

basophils

Question 9

arise from hematopoiesis, specifically from the common myeloid progenitor cell.
Shares the same progenitor as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Answer 9

mast cells

Question 10

Contain granules with substances like histamine.
Involved in allergic responses and inflammatory reactions.
Unlike basophils:
_____ reside in tissues rather than circulating in the blood

Answer 10

mast cells

Question 11

Found in tissues, especially:
Near blood vessels and nerves.
Close to surfaces interacting with the external environment, such as:
Skin
Mucous membranes in various body regions.

Answer 11

mast cells

Question 12

When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter a specific body tissue, they differentiate into tissue-specific
phagocytes called

Answer 12

macrophages or dendritic cells

Question 13

Interferons are ____ released by a cell infected with a virus. Interferon-α and interferon-β signal uninfected
neighboring cells to inhibit mRNA synthesis, destroy RNA, and reduce protein synthesis (top arrow).

Answer 13

cytokines

Question 14

are inhibited by the presence of MHC receptors on healthy cells

Answer 14

NK cells

Question 15

Recognize and kill cells with decreased MHC and increased activating signals to eliminate abnormal cells.

Answer 15

NK cells

Question 16

An ___ is a macromolecule that reacts with components of the immune system.

Answer 16

antigen

Question 17

cell surface marker; anything protein that triggers an immune response

Answer 17

antigen

Question 18

protein from lymphocytes that can bind to a specific antigen <immunoglobulins></immunoglobulins>

Answer 18

antibody

Question 19

antigen is the molecule that an _____ binds to

Answer 19

antibody

Question 20

allergic response to parasites

Answer 20

IgE

Question 21

Antibodies serve as opsonin’s and inhibit infection by tagging pathogens for destruction by macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. These phagocytic cells use Fc receptors to bind to____ pathogens and initiate the first step of attachment before
phagocytosis.

Answer 21

IgG-opsonized

Question 22

the two types of lymphocytes are

Answer 22

B cells

T cells

Question 23

T cells are produced in ?

B cells are produced in?

Answer 23

thymus

bone marrow

Question 24

T cells can be categorized into three distinct classes:

Answer 24

helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells

Question 25

direct killers of infected cells

Answer 25

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 26

make antibodies "IgG,IgM"

Answer 26

B cells

Question 27

activated B cells start secreting

Answer 27

Antibodies

Question 28

pumping out antibodies and immunoglobulins

Answer 28

plasma B cells

Question 29

communication molecules of the immune system

Answer 29

cytokines

Question 30

TH2 cells produce and secrete cytokines that activate the B cell and cause proliferation into clonal daughter cells. After several rounds of proliferation, additional cytokines provided by the TH2 cells stimulate the differentiation of activated B cell clones into

Answer 30

memory B cells

Question 31

Lag Period: Slow activation (days to weeks). Antibody Production: Lower levels of IgG with weaker binding. Duration: Short-lived plasma cells; antibody levels drop quickly. Outcome: Creates memory B cells for future responses.

Answer 31

primary response

Question 32

Lag Period: Rapid activation (few days). Antibody Production: Higher levels of IgG with stronger binding. Duration: Longer-lived plasma cells; sustained antibody levels. Outcome: Faster, stronger, and longer-lasting immunity.

Answer 32

Secondary Immune Response

Question 33

helper T cells are called cytotoxic T cells are called

Answer 33

CD4 CD8