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A&P 2 lecture > chapter 27 > Flashcards

chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

fluid

  • definition
  • 2 types
A
  • water
    1. extracellular fluid
      1. intracellular fluid
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2
Q

extracellular fluid

A

blood plasma, interstitial fluid, other

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3
Q

intracellular fluid

A

cytosol (within cells)

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4
Q

eletrolyte

  • definition
  • most important
A

inorganic compounds that dissociate in solution to form ions

-sodium

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5
Q

electrolyte: sodium
- most abundant where
- function

A
  • in the CSF

- main contributor to osmolarity of blood

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6
Q

2 factors that must be controlled

A
  1. fluid balance

2. electrolyte balance

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7
Q

fluid balance

  • water gained=
  • normal blood vol
A
  • water lost

- ~5 L

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8
Q

electrolyte balance

  • electrolytes in =
  • normal blood osmolarity
A
  • electrolytes out

- 300 mOsm/L

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9
Q

how do you gain water?

-lose?

A
  • food, beverage and metabolism

- urine, feces, sweat and breathing

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10
Q

application: suppose you eat an extra large jumbo tub of movie popcorn with extra salt and butter
- blood osmolarity will
- blood vol will
- how does the body detect these changes?

A
  • increase
  • not change
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus will sense an increase in blood osmolarity (sense of an increase in the concentration of Na+ of blood)
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11
Q

application: suppose you eat an extra large jumbo tub of movie popcorn with extra salt and butter
- how does the body respond to these changes?
- effect

A
  • increasing secretion of antidiuretic hormone
  • decrease secretion of aldosterone
  • restore osmolarity of blood by increasing retention of H2O and decreasing reabsorption of sodium; kidneys produce small vol of concentrated urine
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12
Q

increasing secretion of antidiuretic hormone effects

A
  1. increase thirst (consume liquids)

2. decrease water loss at kidneys

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13
Q

decreasing secretion of aldosterone effects

A

decreases Na+ reabsorption in kidney

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14
Q

application: suppose you drink a very large volume of water
- blood osmolarity will
- blood volume will
- how does the body detect these changes

A
  • decrease
  • increase
  • osmoreceptors detect a decrease in the concentration of Na+ of the blood
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15
Q

application: suppose you drink a very large volume of water

- how does the body respond to these changes?

A
  • secretion of ADH will decrease
  • secretion of aldosterone will increase
  • kidneys produce a large vol of dilute urine
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16
Q

decreasing secretion of ADH efects

A
  • decreases water reabsorption in DCT and CD

- decreases thirst

17
Q

increasing secretion of aldosterone effects

A

increases sodium reabsorption

18
Q

application: suppose you consume a large vol of an isotonic solution
- blood osmolarity will
- blood vol will
- how does the body detect these changes

A
  • not change
  • increase
  • baroreceptors will detect an increase in BP because of an increase in blood vol
19
Q

application: suppose you consume a large vol of an isotonic solution
- how does the body respond to these changes

A

secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide will increase

20
Q

increasing secretion of ANP causes

-effects

A
  • ADH secretion to decrease
  • aldosterone secretion to decrease
  • kidneys will produce increased vol of urine with and increased Na+ content
21
Q

application: suppose you are in a very severe car accident and are suffering from excessive blood loss
- blood osmolarity will
- blood vol will
- how does the body detect these changes

A
  • not change
  • decrease
  • as blood vol decreases, BP declines
22
Q

application: suppose you are in a very severe car accident and are suffering from excessive blood loss
- how does the body respond to these changes?

A
  1. increase in ADH release
  2. increase renin secretion
    - both work to return blood vol and pressure to normal
23
Q

increasing renin secretion =

A

increase in angiotensin II activation

24
Q

angiotensin II activation

-3

A
  • increases aldosterone release which increase Na+ retention in the kidneys because water follows salt and water will be retained
  • causes vasocontriction = increased BP
  • promotes release of ADH
25
pH - definition - formula - pH of extracellular fluids
- concentration of H+ ions in a solution - [H+] = 1 x 10 ^ -7 M --> pH = 7 - 7.35 - 7.45
26
2 conditions of pH
1. acidosis 2. alkalosis - primarily effects CNS and cardiovascular functions
27
acidosis - pH - serious?
- below 7.35 | - very serious problem
28
alkalosis - pH - serious?
- above 7.45 | - serious but not as common
29
why is the maintenance of pH a problem? - H+ gains= - constantly producing H+ through - formula - H+ must be
- H+ loses - metabolic activities - Co2 + H2O H+ + HCO3- - eliminated or "tied up" to maintain pH
30
3 mechanisms of acid-base balance
1. buffer system 2. respiratory system 3. urinary system
31
buffer system - buffer - 3 major systems
- compound that stabilizes the pH of a solution by providing or removing H+ ions - 1. protein buffer system 2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system 3. phosphate buffer system
32
protein buffer system - definition - type of protein
- AA accepts or releases H+ ions | - hemoglobin
33
how does hemoglobin play a role in the protein buffer system?
by maintaining pH as pCo2 changes
34
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - formula - function - what happens when equation shifts to the left
- Co2 + H2O (H2Co3) H+ + HCO3- - can prevent changes in pH after addition of H+ ions - Co2 is released in lungs
35
phosphate buffer system - equation - function
- H2Po4- H+ + HPo4 ^2- | - plays a supporting role in maintaining pH
36
respiratory system - what do changes in respiratory rate do - direct effect on - equation
- stabilizes pH of ECF - direct effect on carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system - Co2 + H2O H+ + HCO3-
37
respiratory system - increase in pCo2 = - decrease in pCo2=
- decrease in pH = increase in respiratory rate = more Co2 lost at lungs = pCo2 and pH returns to normal - increase in pH= decrease respiratory rate = less Co2 lost at lungs = pCo2 and pH returns to normal
38
urinary system - definition - occurs where - principle of buffering system
- changing the rate of H+ and HCO3- secretion or reabsorption by the kidneys regulates the pH of the ECF - along the PCT, DCT and CD - Co2 + H2O (H2CO3) H+ _ HCO3-
39
urinary system - where does the Co2 come from - principle of buffering system relies on - decrease pH of ECF - increase pH of ECF
- from tubular fluid, blood and tubular cells - relies on carbonic anhydrase in tubular cells - H+ is secreted into tubular fluid and HCO3- is released into blood = increase in pH of ECF in blood - HCO3- is secreted into tubular fluid and rate of H+ secretion declines = decrease in pH of ECF

A&P 2 lecture (17 decks)

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