Chapter 28: MNT in Metabolic Disorders

Question 1

happens when abnormal chemical reaction in the body disturbs the process of metabolism causing the body to have too much of some substances or too little of other ones

Answer 1

metabolic disorder

Question 2

refers to abnormally low glucose level in blood that occurs when the body utilized glucose too rapidly, rate of release of glucose falls behind tissue demands, or excess insulin enters the bloodstream

Answer 2

hypoglycemia

Question 3

hypoglycemia - types

may occur in individuals with diabetes due to administration of too much insulin or oral diabetes medications

Answer 3

reactive hypoglycemia

Question 4

hypoglycemia - types

may also occur to individuals without diabetes due to a sharp increase in insulin release after a meal

other caused may be associated with dumping syndrome after gastric injury

Answer 4

reactive hypoglycemia

Question 5

hypoglycemia - types

symptoms: sweating, palpitations, anxiety, and tremulousness

Answer 5

reactive hypoglycemia

Question 6

hypoglycemia - types

diet mgmt: small, frequent meals of complex cho, fiber, and a protein source

Answer 6

reactive hypoglycemia

Question 7

hypoglycemia - types

results from excess insulin or insulin-like substances that are secreted as a result of external factors such as alcohol or drug ingestion, tumors, hepatic disease, and chronic renal insufficiency

Answer 7

fasting hypoglycemia

Question 8

hypoglycemia - types

symptoms: neuroglycopenia

Answer 8

fasting hypoglycemia

Question 9

hypoglycemia - types

diet mgmt: high cho to increase the blood sugar level

Answer 9

fasting hypoglycemia

Question 10

refers to an excessive secretion of thyroxine

Answer 10

hyperthyroidism

Question 11

the hormone that regulates basal metabolic rate

Answer 11

thyroxine

Question 12

characteristics:

-weight loss
-engorgement in the eyes
-protrusion of the thyroid gland
-increased appetite
-increased bmr (at least 50%)
-heat intolerance

Answer 12

hyperthyroidism

Question 13

hyperthyroidism - medical mgmt

Answer 13

antithyroid drugs, surgery

Question 14

the deficient production of thyroxine due to lack of iodine

Answer 14

hypothyroidism

Question 15

characteristics:

-decreased bmr (30-40%)
-weight gain
-puffy face, eyelids, hands
-muscular flabbiness
-fatigue
-cold intolerance

Answer 15

hypothyroidism

Question 16

hypothyroidism - medical mgmt

Answer 16

thyroxine

Question 17

hypothyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet?
rationale: to prevent weight gain due to low BMR

Answer 17

low calorie

Question 18

hypothyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet?
rationale: for iodine deficiency

Answer 18

iodine

Question 19

hyperthyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: for increased BMR

Answer 19

high kcal

Question 20

hyperthyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: for energy metabolism

Answer 20

supplementation of vitamins/minerals

Question 21

is the hypersecretion of the parathyroid gland characterized by hypercalcemia

Answer 21

hyperparathyroidism

Question 22

manifestations: nausea, irritability, vomiting, osteoporosis, lethargy, kidney stones, and constipation

Answer 22

hyperparathyroidism

Question 23

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to lower Ca levels

Answer 23

phosphate binders

Question 24

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to prevent formation of Ca containing renal stones

Answer 24

high fluid intake

Question 25

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: to promote renal clearance and Ca excretion

Answer 25

Na (infused IV)

Question 26

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: acidifies urine and prevent Ca-stone formation

Answer 26

acid-ash diet

Question 27

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: promotes deposition of Ca into the skeleton

Answer 27

phosphate

Question 28

refers to the hyposecretion of the parathyroid gland characterized by the hyperirritability of the nervous system as manifested by convulsions, cramps, muscle twitching, and spasm

Answer 28

hypoparathyroidism

Question 29

etiology: absence or abnormality of the parathyroid gland

Answer 29

hypoparathyroidism

Question 30

nutritional and metabolic actions of what gland? -increases renal calcium retention -increases renal phosphate excretion -stimulates intestinal calcium absorption -stimulates bone resorption -stimulates bone anabolism -stimulates kidney production of the active form of vitamin D

Answer 30

parathyroid gland

Question 31

hypoparathyroidism - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: to normalize calcium levels

Answer 31

high calcium

Question 32

hypoparathyroidism - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: for increased calcium absorption

Answer 32

high vitamin d

Question 33

refers to the hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex; low aldosterone and cortisol

Answer 33

addison's disease

Question 34

characteristics: weight loss, asthenia, hyperpigmentation. arterial hypotension, hyponatremia and dehydration, and hyperkalemia, increased glycogenolysis, decreased gluconeogenesis

Answer 34

addison's disease

Question 35

addison's disease - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: to increase the level of Na

Answer 35

high Na

Question 36

addison's disease - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: for underweight because of weight loss due to low supply of glucocorticoids

Answer 36

high kcal

Question 37

refers to the hypersecretion of hormones in the adrenal cortex

Answer 37

cushing's disease

Question 38

characteristics: -weight gain -increased glycogeneis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acids synthesis -hyperglycemia -truncal obesity -buffalo lump -stimulation of appetite -low calcium levels -hypernatremia, edema, hypertension -wasting -menstrual changes -emotional changes -delayed wound healing -hypokalemia

Answer 38

cushing's disease

Question 39

cushing's disease - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: to control edema and hypertension

Answer 39

low Na

Question 40

cushing's disease - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: to prevent hypokalemia

Answer 40

high K

Question 41

cushing's disease - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: for obese to promote weight loss

Answer 41

low kcal

Question 42

refers to the inability of the body to metabolize copper because of lack of ceruloplasmin

Answer 42

wilson's disease

Question 43

transport protein of copper

Answer 43

ceruloplasmin

Question 44

characteristics: deposition of copper in the brain

Answer 44

wilson's disease

Question 45

wilson's disease - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: to prevent Cu retention

Answer 45

copper-restricted

Question 46

a disorder in iron metabolism the deposition of hemosiderin in liver and spleen resulting to bronzed skin

Answer 46

hemochromatosis

Question 47

hemochromatosis - dietary mgmt diet: ? rationale: because of increased storage of iron

Answer 47

fe-restricted

Question 48

group of diseases that affect a wide variety of metabolic processes

Answer 48

inborn errors of metabolism

Question 49

these are genetic errors caused by defects in specific proteins (enzymes) needed to break down some food parts some of the symptoms are fatal and irreversible

Answer 49

inborn errors of metabolism

Question 50

inborn errors of metabolism - mgmt a simple procedure to find out if an infant has a congenital metabolic disorder that may lead to mental retardation or even death if left untreated it is done immediately after 24 hrs from birth

Answer 50

newborn screening

Question 51

inborn errors of metabolism - common diseases a genetically inherited birth defect that causes an unwanted buildup of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood

Answer 51

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 52

the build-up of phenylketonuria results from the absence or deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that converts 1 amino acid, phenylalanine, to another amino acid, tyrosine

Answer 52

phenylketonuria

Question 53

amino acid involved in phenylketonuria

Answer 53

phenylalanine

Question 54

inborn errors of metabolism - common diseases symptoms: mental retardation, lack of pigmentation, apathy, poor physical development, death

Answer 54

phenylketonuria

Question 55

phenylketonuria - dietary mgmt

Answer 55

phenylalanine-restricted

Question 56

inborn errors of metabolism - common diseases refers to the failure to metabolize galactose into glucose because of the absence of galactose1-phosphate uridyl transferase

Answer 56

galactosemia

Question 57

inborn errors of metabolism - common diseases symptoms: -lactose intolerance: vomiting and diarrhea after drinking milk -growth failure -liver enlargement -neurologic disorder

Answer 57

galactosemia

Question 58

galactosemia - dietary mgmt -eliminate lactose -low galactose -use soy protein isolate formula

Answer 58

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