Chapter 33: MNT of Musculoskeletal Disorders

Question 1

musculoskeletal system includes (3)

Answer 1

bones, joints, and muscles

Question 2

musculoskeletal system has associated structures (2)

Answer 2

ligaments and tendons

Question 3

bone structure and bone physiology - bone composition

a connective tissue in which the intercellular matrix has been impregnated with inorganic calcium salts so that it has great tensile and compressible strength but is light enough to be moved by coordinated muscle contraction

Answer 3

bone

Question 4

bone structure and bone physiology

the intercellular matrix is composed of 2 substances

Answer 4

organic matter and inorganic salts

Question 5

intercellular matrix

constitutes about 1/3 of the dry weight of bone

Answer 5

organic matter

Question 6

intercellular matrix

it includes bone cells. blood vessels, and nerves

Answer 6

organic matter

Question 7

intercellular matrix

consist of collagen fibers embedded in an amorphous ground substance

Answer 7

organic matter

Question 8

intercellular matrix

make up the other 2/3 of the dry weight of the bone

Answer 8

inorganic salts

Question 9

intercellular matrix

consist of hydroxyapatite

Answer 9

inorganic salts

Question 10

inorganic salts

an insoluble microcrystalline structure of calcium phosphate salts, and small amounts of calcium carbonate and calcium fluoride

Answer 10

hydroxyapatite

Question 11

bone types

2 types of mature bones

Answer 11

cancellous or spongy bone and compact bone

Question 12

bone types

found in the interior of bones and is composed of trabeculae or spicules of bone, which form a lattice-like pattern

Answer 12

cancellous or spongy bone

Question 13

cancellous or spongy bone

the lattice-like structures are line with _____ and filled with either red or yellow bone marrow

Answer 13

osteogenic cells

Question 14

cancellous or spongy bone

relatively light yet its structure has considerable tensile strength and weight bearing properties

Answer 14

cancellous bone

Question 15

intercellular matrix

has a densely packed calcified intercellular matrix that makes it more rigid than cancellous bone

Answer 15

compact bone

Question 16

intercellular matrix

it has the major component of tubular bones

Answer 16

compact bone

Question 17

intercellular matrix

found along the lines of stress on long bones and forms an outer protective shell on other bones

Answer 17

compact bone

Question 18

4 types of bone cells that participate in the formation and maintenance of bone tissue

Answer 18

osteogenic cells, osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Question 19

type of bone cells

function: undifferentiated that differentiate into osteoblasts

Answer 19

osteogenic cells

Question 20

type of bone cells

function: found in the periosteum, endosteum, and epiphyseal growth plate growing bones

Answer 20

osteogenic cells

Question 21

type of bone cells

function: bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone

Answer 21

osteoblast

Question 22

type of bone cells

function: also participates in the calcification of the organic matter

Answer 22

osteoblast

Question 23

type of bone cells

function: mature bone cells that function in the maintenance of bone matrix

Answer 23

osteocytes

Question 24

type of bone cells

function: play an active role in releasing calcium into the blood

Answer 24

osteocytes

Question 25

type of bone cells function: bone cells responsible for the resorption of bone matrix and the release of calcium and phosphate from the bone

Answer 25

osteoclasts

Question 26

bone classification (based on shapes) - 4

Answer 26

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

Question 27

bone classification found in the upper and lower extremities

Answer 27

long bones

Question 28

bone classification long bones has a shaft or diaphysis and 2 ends, called

Answer 28

epiphyses

Question 29

bone classification are irregularly shaped bones located in the ankle and the wrist. except for their surface, which is compact bone, these bones are spongy throughout

Answer 29

short bones

Question 30

bone classification composed of a layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone found in areas such as the skull and rib cage, where extensive protection of underlying structures is needed or, as in the scapula, where a broad surface for muscle attachment must be provided

Answer 30

flat bones

Question 31

bone classification because of their shapes, cannot be classified such bones as the previous group this group included such bones as the vertebrae and the bones of the jaw

Answer 31

irregular bones

Question 32

calcium homeostasis the _____ serves as a reservoir of calcium and other minerals that are used by other tissued of the body

Answer 32

bone tissue

Question 33

calcium homeostasis the concentration of calcium in blood and other extracellular fluids is regulated by complex mechanisms that balance calcium intake and excretion with bodily needs

Answer 33

-

Question 34

calcium homeostasis when calcium intake is not adequate, homeostasis is maintained by drawing on mineral from bone to keep the serum calcium ion concentration at its set level

Answer 34

-

Question 35

calcium homeostasis - the homeostatic mechanism is regulated by (3)

Answer 35

parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin d

Question 36

calcium homeostasis one of the most important regulators of calcium and phosphate in the blood

Answer 36

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 37

calcium homeostasis hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands, located on the posterior outer surface of the thyroid gland

Answer 37

parathyroid gland (PTH)

Question 38

calcium homeostasis acts to prevent serum calcium levels from falling below and serum phosphate levels from rising above normal physiologic concentrations

Answer 38

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 39

calcium homeostasis functions of? -release of calcium from the bone -conservation of calcium by the kidney -enhanced intestinal absorption of calcium through vitamin d, and -reduction of serum phosphate

Answer 39

PTH

Question 40

calcium homeostasis secreted by the parafollicular or C, cells of the thyroid gland

Answer 40

calcitonin

Question 41

calcium homeostasis inhibits the release of calcium from bine into the extracellular fluid

Answer 41

calcitonin

Question 42

calcium homeostasis reduces the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate

Answer 42

calcitonin

Question 43

calcium homeostasis the hormonal form of vitamin d, calcitriol, plays an adaptational role by increasing the efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption in the upper half of the small bowel when dietary calcium is adequate

Answer 43

vitamin d

Question 44

calcium homeostasis also has a direct effect on osteoblasts to increase the formation of several bone matrix proteins and other local factors needed for new bone formation and the suppression of bone degradation

Answer 44

vitamin d

Question 45

is the term applied to the growth of the skeleton until mature height is achieved

Answer 45

bone modeling

Question 46

bone modeling elongate and widen by undergoing great internal changes as external expansions in their structures

Answer 46

long bones

Question 47

bone modeling the process of formation of new bone occurs first and is followed by the _____ of old tissue

Answer 47

resorption

Question 48

bone modeling in long bones growth occurs both terminal epiphyses and circumferentially in _____; at each location, cells undergo division and contribute to the formation of new bone tissue

Answer 48

lamella

Question 49

bone modeling bone modeling is completed in girls by age _____ and in boys _____

Answer 49

16-18 (G); 18-20 (B)

Question 50

bone modeling after growth cease, gains in bone tissue may continue by process known as _____

Answer 50

bone consolidation

Question 51

bone modeling the major event of the skeleton in early life is _____, whereas later life is the loss of bone

Answer 51

growth

Question 52

bone modeling peak bone mineral density is typically achieved by age _____; post-menopausal women typically enter the fracture risk range after age 60, men have more gradual decline in bone mineral density, which starts at 50 y/o

Answer 52

30

Question 53

bone mass is a generic term referring to bone mineral content but not to bone mineral density

Answer 53

bone mass

Question 54

bone mass more appropriately used in assessing the amount of bone accumulated before the cessation of growth (height gain)

Answer 54

bome mineral content (BNC)

Question 55

bone mass used to describe bone after the developmental period is completed term that is more often used for monitoring bone changes in adults

Answer 55

bone mineral density (BMD)

Question 56

measurement - bone mineral content and bone mineral density measures bine mass on the basis of tissue absorption of photons produced by 1 or 2 mono-energetic x-ray tubes

Answer 56

bone densitometry

Question 57

accumulation of bone mass during the growth periods of childhood, puberty, and into early adulthood, formation exceeds the _____ of bone

Answer 57

resorption

Question 58

accumulation of bone mass the age when BMD acquisition ceases varies, depending not only on diet but also on physical activity and strain loading on the skeleton

Answer 58

-

Question 59

accumulation of bone mass the consumption of both calcium supplements and calcium-enriched foods contributes to increased bone accumulation in the young

Answer 59

-

Question 60

accumulation of bone mass in young adult women who have children, the loading related to lifting and carrying of children may also improve skeletal mass and density

Answer 60

-

Question 61

is greater in men than in women because of their larger frame size

Answer 61

peak bone mass (PBM)

Question 62

peak bone mass (PBM) both the _____ components of body composition contribute to the differences in

Answer 62

lean and fat components

Question 63

also related to both dietary calcium intakes and weight-bearing PA

Answer 63

peak bone mass (PBM)

Question 64

result of changes in the hormone-directed mechanisms that govern bone remodeling

Answer 64

loss of bone mass