Chapter 10: Macromineral (Calcium)

Question 1

calcium - characteristics

makes up 1.5-2% of body weight; the body of an adult usually contains _____ of calcium

Answer 1

1200g

Question 2

calcium - characteristics

about 99% of the mineral is present in _____ (2)

Answer 2

bones and teeth

Question 3

calcium - characteristics

about 99% of the mineral is present in bones and teeth and as a component of _____ (2)

Answer 3

hydroxyapatite crystals and amorphous calcium phosphate

Question 4

calcium - characteristics

remaining 1% is distributed throughout the _____ (2) (muscle, liver, heart) necessary for metabolic processes including enzyme activation, hormone function, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and membrane transport

Answer 4

blood and soft tissues

Question 5

calcium - characteristics

it must be maintained within the narrow range of _____ mg/dl for the proper functioning of the cells

Answer 5

9-11 mg/dl

Question 6

calcium - functions

formation of (3)

Answer 6

bone, teeth, and hydroxyapatite

Question 7

calcium - functions

activation of some _____ involved in blood clotting

Answer 7

glycoproteins

Question 8

calcium - functions

regulation of _____ and _____ of the muscles

Answer 8

contraction and relaxation

Question 9

calcium - functions

activation of certain _____ (prothrombin, amylase, and trypsin) and _____ (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate carboxylase) enzymes

Answer 9

extracellular, intracellular

Question 10

calcium - functions

regulation of ion transport across _____

Answer 10

cell membrane

Question 11

calcium - functions

promotes absorption of (2)

Answer 11

iron and vitamin b12

Question 12

calcium - functions

aids in _____

Answer 12

neurotransmission

Question 13

calcium - functions

maintains enzymes

Answer 13

-

Question 14

calcium - metabolism

absorbed calcium (usually 30%) is transported in the _____ and released into the body fluids

Answer 14

blood

Question 15

calcium - metabolism

reabsorption of 99% of the mineral while 1% is excreted in the _____

Answer 15

urine

Question 16

calcium - metabolism

absorbed calcium is utilized for _____ which requires vitamin d

Answer 16

bone calcification

Question 17

calcium - metabolism

_____ stimulates the binding of calcium and calcium-binding protein

Answer 17

vitamin d

Question 18

calcium - metabolism

_____ and certain amino acids_____ (2) also enhance calcium absorption

Answer 18

lactose

lysine and arginine

Question 19

calcium - metabolism

1/3 of calcium is temporarily stored in the _____, which can be mobilized to maintain normal blood ca levels

Answer 19

bones

Question 20

calcium - metabolism

_____ (or parthormone) secreted by the parathyroid gland and calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland play a role in calcium homeostasis

Answer 20

parathyroid hormone

Question 21

parathyroid hormone is also known as

Answer 21

parathormone

Question 22

calcium - metabolism

_____ with vitamin d favors intestinal absorption of ca and renal reabsorption of ca

Answer 22

parathyroid hormone

Question 23

calcium - metabolism

calcium absorption is decreased by foods containing large amounts of _____ or _____ both of which will form an insoluble calcium

Answer 23

phytates or oxalates

Question 24

calcium - metabolism

excess ______ in the diet or impaired digestion of fat may also reduce ca absorption thru the formation of insoluble calcium salts

Answer 24

fat

Question 25

calcium - deficiency among children

Answer 25

stunted growth, retarded calcification of bones and teeth

Question 26

calcium - deficiency _____ due to lack of calcium or phosphorous, lack of vitamin d or imbalance in Ca:P ratio

Answer 26

rickets

Question 27

calcium - deficiency refers to the condition in which absolute amount of bone in the skeleton has been diminished but the remaining bone mass is of normal composition

Answer 27

osteoporosis

Question 28

calcium - deficiency or the decalcification of bone occurs when there is a reduction in the mineral content of the bone but not in the total amount of bone

Answer 28

osteomalacia

Question 29

calcium - deficiency pertains to the reduction of circulating ionized Ca resulting in increased excitability of the nerve and spasmodic and uncontrolled contractions of muscle tissues

Answer 29

tetany

Question 30

calcium - deficiency -HPN -colon cancer -vitamin d deficiency -long-term dietary inadequacy -high-fiber diets -fat malabsorption/steatorrhea -achlorhydria -immobilization -decreased gi transit time -stress -long-term use of thiazide diuretics

Answer 30

calcium deficiency

Question 31

absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric secretions.

Answer 31

achlorhydria

Question 32

populations with increased ca deficiency teenagers older women pregnant and lactating

Answer 32

populations with increased ca deficiency

Question 33

calcium - toxicity a condition characterized by an excess of calcium in the blood and soft tissues occurs in infants with high intake of vitamin d

Answer 33

hypercalcemia

Question 34

calcium - toxicity a state of tonic muscle contraction that results when ca levels rise above normal due to abnormality in parathyroid functioning

Answer 34

calcium rigor

Question 35

calcium - toxicity _____ calculi

Answer 35

hypercalciuria/renal calculi

Question 36

calcium - interrelationship with other nutrients (5) affect calcium absorption and metabolism

Answer 36

vitamin d, phosphorous, sodium, protein, fiber

Question 37

calcium - interrelationship with other nutrients _____ (another divalent cation) competes with calcium for absorption and is needed for the secretion of PTH

Answer 37

magnesium

Question 38

calcium - interrelationship with other nutrients malabsorption of _____ can interfere with ca absorption due to the formation of soaps

Answer 38

fat

Question 39

calcium - recommended intake low per capita animal protein intake level of _____ g only compared with 60-80 g in developed countries

Answer 39

20-40 g

Question 40

calcium - food sources milk and milk products, small fish with bones (dilis, dried and fresh), calcium-set tofu (bean curd), legumes, spinach, chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli, alamang (dried and fresh) and dried fish shellfish, crustaceans, soybeans, monggo, and other dried beans as well as leafy vegetables

Answer 40

calcium food sources