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NBCD > Chapter 3: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Carbohydrates Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

synthesis

sugars and starches are produced in plants by the process of

A

photosynthesis

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3
Q

synthesis

storage form of carbohydrates in plants

A

starch

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4
Q

synthesis

storage form of carbohydrates in animal

A

glycogen

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5
Q

synthesis

process by which disaccharides are formed

hydroxyl group from one monosaccharide links with oxygen of the other monosaccharide to form h2o

A

condensation

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6
Q

synthesis

splitting of disaccharides

hydrogen is added to one and _____ is added to the other

occurs during digestion

A

hydrogen

hydroxyl group

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7
Q

classification

contain either one or two molecules

A

simple carbohydrates

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8
Q

classification

contain hundreds to thousands of molecules

A

complex carbohydrates

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9
Q

simple carbohydrate (2)

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

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10
Q

complex carbohydrates (1) and its component

A

polysaccharides:
starch, glycogen, fibers

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11
Q

are single sugar units

the important to nutrition are glucose, fructose, and galactose

A

monosaccharides

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12
Q

each monosaccharides (g, f, g) contains

but differ in the arrangements of the atoms, which explains the differing sweetness of the monosaccarides

A

6 carbon atoms
12 hydrogens
6 oxygen

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13
Q

body’s major fuel to provide energy

not generally occur by itself in foods, attached to other sugars to form disaccharides and complex carbohydrates

ex: grapes, dextrose, corn syrup

A

glucose

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14
Q

levulose or fruit sugar

A

fructose

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15
Q

blood sugar

A

glucose

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16
Q

sweetest natural sugar

digestive end product of sucrose

arrangement of atoms stimulates the taste buds on the tongue to produce the sweet sensation

ex: honey, ripe fruits, high-fructose corn syrup

A

fructose

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17
Q

milk sugar

A

galactose

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18
Q

digestive end product of lactose

does not occur alone in foods and joins with glucose to create lactose

A

galactose

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19
Q

molecules of 2 sugar units

A

disaccharides

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20
Q

malt sugar

A

maltose

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21
Q

consists of 2 glucose units

produced from starch digestion

occurs during the fermentation

minor constituent of few foods

ex: barley

A

maltose

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22
Q

saccharose

table or cane sugar

A

sucrose

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23
Q

consists of 1 glucose and fructose molecule

ex: sugar beets and sugar cane

A

sucrose

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24
Q

consists of 1 glucose and galactose molecule

ex: milk

A

lactose

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25
carbohydrates that contain 3-10 monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
26
2 most common oligosaccharides found in the diet
raffinose stachyose
27
oligo means
few
28
composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose ex: beans, cabbage, brussel sprouts, broccoli, whole grains
raffinose
29
composed of 2 galactose molecules (1 glucose and fructose molecule) ex: beans and other legumes
stachyose
30
aka complex carbohydrates made-up of 10 or more monosaccharides
polysaccharides
31
polysaccharides storage form of carbohydrates in animals
glycogen
32
polysaccharides storage of glycogen in animals
liver and muscle tissues
33
starch occurs in 2 forms
amylose amylopectin
34
polysaccharides ling, branched or unbranched chains of hundreds or thousands of glucose linked together ex: plants (grains)
starch
35
resist hydrolysis because of their physical structure occurs in raw starch granules (raw bananas, potatoes) or during prolonged cooling of some cooked foods escapes digestion in small intestine but may degraded by bacterial enzymes in the large intestines
resistant starch
36
intermediate products in the hydrolysis of starch ex: toasted flour
dextrin
37
fiber the non-digestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems, and seeds
dietary fiber
38
fiber consists of non-digestible forms of carbohydrates that are extracted from plants or manufactures in a laboratory and have known health benefits added to foods and is the form found in fiber supplements
functional fiber
39
fiber the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber
total fiber
40
pectin and gums
soluble fiber
41
cellulose, lignin, and many hemicellulose
insoluble fiber
42
have little effect on fecal bulk tend to increase the rate of the passage of material through the upper gi tract and delays the absorption of nutrients ex: fruits, oats, barley, and legumes
soluble fiber
43
may decrease the rate of absorption of glucose by the small intestine and plasma cholesterol levels
soluble fiber
44
result in greater fecal bulk and increase in the rate of passage of material through the large intestine type of fiber used to treat constipation ex: vegetables, wheat, grains beans, barley, carrots, apple, avocado, pears, cauliflower, brown rice
insoluble fiber
45
cho functions cheap and main energy source yields _____ kcal/g
4 kcal/g
46
cho functions spares protein so it can be used for building and repairing body tissues
protein sparer
47
cho functions prevent incomplete oxidation of fat
regulator of fat metabolism
48
cho digestion and absorption breaks the food into small particles and mixes it with saliva
mastication
49
cho digestion and absorption acts on starch and begins its breakdown into dextrins and maltose
salivary amylase
50
cho digestion and absorption contains pancreatic amylase contains sucrase, lactase and maltase that break down dextrins and maltose into monosaccharides, mainly glucose with some fructose and galactose
pancreatic secretions
51
cho digestion and absorption are either absorbed by diffusion or by a sodium dependent active transport
glucose and galactose
52
cho digestion and absorption absorbed by facilitated diffusion
fructose
53
cho digestion and absorption converted into glucose in the liver (2)
galactose and fructose
54
cho digestion and absorption hormone that facilitates the entry of glucose into the cells, except for brain and liver
insulin
55
cho metabolism after ingesting carbohydrate contain meal, blood glucose level increases to _____ this stimulates the pancreas to release insulin
120-130 mg/dL
56
hours after a meal, during fasting or sleep, blood glucose decreases to _____ decrease in blood glucose levels signals the pancreas
70 mg/dL
57
decrease in blood glucose levels signals the pancreas to release _____ into the bloodstream
glucagon
58
stimulates the liver cells to breakdown glycogen and release glucose in the blood, causing corresponding increase in the blood glucose level
glucagon
59
main hormones involved in cho metabolism
insulin and glucagon
60
hormones involved in blood glucose control secreted by the adrenal cortex; favors gluconeogenesis
cortisol
61
hormones involved in blood glucose control secreted by the adrenal medulla increases glycogen breakdown
epinephrine
62
hormones involved in blood glucose control secreted by the pituitary gland acts as an insulin antagonist
growth hormone
63
hormones involved in blood glucose control secreted by the thyroid glans influences the rate of insulin destruction and epinephrine
thyroxine
64
hormones involved in blood glucose control secreted by adrenal cortex act by increasing protein gluconeogenesis
steroid hormone
65
pathways of cho metabolism formation of glycogen from glucose occurs in the liver and muscle cells
glycogenesis
66
pathways of cho metabolism breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use by the body
glycogenolysis
67
glycogenolysis a debranching enzyme breaks down glycogen
liver
68
glycogenolysis cori cycle may take place if there is an immediate need for glucose to fuel an activity
muscles
69
pathways of cho metabolism synthesis of glucose from non-cho sources such as protein and fat
gluconeogenesis
70
pathways of cho metabolism breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
glycolysis or embden-meyerhoff pathway
71
pathways of cho metabolism requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria includes decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetic acid condensation of acetic acid with coa other reactions that produce hydrogen ions and electrons, hydrogen ions produced from breakdown of acetyl coa are transferred by niacin and riboflavin to etc
kreb's cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle
72
water soluble vitamins involved in kreb's cycle (2)
niacin and riboflavin
73
pathways of cho metabolism free energy released from kreb's cycle is captured here using electron- or hydrogen- transferring ions to form atp water as an end-product of a series of reactions
electron transport chain (etc) or respiratory chain
74
kreb's cycle and electron transport chain occurs in the
mitochondria
75
cho health effects concentrated sweets are carcinogenic and cause bacterial overgrowth and tooth decay
dental caries
76
cho health effects for cho-sensitive people, increased cho intake provides glyceril 3 po4, a precursor for fat synthesis
obesity
77
cho health effects for cho-sensitive pt, cho may cause excessive fat synthesis
high-blood triglyceride levels
78
cho health effects indigestible cho or lactose intolerance promoted fas formation and colic
flatus
79
frequent, prolonged and intense crying or fussiness in a healthy infant
colic
80
cho health effects form of severe undernutrition (wasting) referred to alternatively as non-edematous malnutrition or has the appearance of "skin and bones"
maramsus
81
cho health effects high fiber diet delays glucose absorption
diabetes
82
issues compounds used to substitute cho in the diet ex: saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, and sucralose are the only approved sweeteners
artificial sweeteners
83
not associated with any adverse effects except for being a source of phenylalanine, a hazard for phenylketonurics
aspartame
84
have been associated with cancer, but studies have shown that they are safe for use
saccharin and acesulfame potassium
85
describes the effect of food on blood glucose -how quickly glucose is absorbed after a person eats -how high blood glucose rises -how quickly it returns to normal
glycemic index
86
gives an estimate of glucose load by multiplying the gi by the amount of cho of all foods in a meal
glycemic load
87
glycemic load formula
GL = qty x quality (remove %) / 100
88
high gi
>70%
89
medium gi
56-69%
90
low gi
<54%

NBCD (89 decks)

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