Chapter 3 - Food Flashcards by Cathy Mulvany

What is nutrition

The way in which an organism obtains and used food

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3 reasons for nutrition

Source of energy
Makes chemicals for metabolic reactions
Growth and repair if structures in the organism

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What is metabolism

The sum of all chemical reaction

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Name the two types of metabolic reactions

Anabolic reaction

Catabolic reaction

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What is an anabolic reaction

Convert smaller molecules into larger ones

It requires enzymes and uses energy

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An example of an anabolic reaction

Photosynthesis

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What is a catabolic reaction

Complex (larger) molecule broken down into a simpler (smaller) molecule
It requires enzymes and uses energy

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An example of a catabolic reaction

Respiration

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Name the six common elements in food

C = carbon 
H = hydrogen
O = oxygen
N = nitrogen
O = phosphorus 
S = sulfur

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Name the 5 salts dissolved in food

Na = sodium 
Mg = magnesium
Cl = chlorine
K = potassium
Ca = Calcium

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Name the 3 trace elements in food

Fe = Iron 
Cu = copper
Zn = zinc

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What is a bio molecule

Chemicals that are made inside a living thing

Contains carbon

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Name the four types of bio chemicals

Carbohydrate
Lipids (fats,oils)
Proteins
Vitamins

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What elements are found in carbohydrates and what is the ratio

C = carbon
H = hydrogen
O = oxygen
Cx (H2O)y

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Describe the structure of a carbohydrate

Monosaccharides- one sugar unit - glucose (sweet + soluble)
Disaccharides - two sugar units - sucrose (sweet + soluble)
Polysaccharides - many sugar units - starch (not sweet + insoluble)

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Name 4 sources of carbohydrate

Bread
Potatoes
Rice
Pasta

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What is the structural role of a carbohydrate

Cellulose - used for plant cell wall

Chitin - used in cell walls of fungi and insects exoskeleton

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What is the metabolic role of carbohydrate

Respiration - breaking down glucose for a release of energy (catabolic) (short term)

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What elements are found in lipids

C = carbon 
H = hydrogen
O = oxygen

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What is the difference between lipids and fat

Lipids are liquid at room temperature (oil)

Fat is solid at room temperature (butter)

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What is the structure of lipids

Triglycerides - glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Phospholipids - glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate group

Name 4 sources of lipids

Oil
Butter
Cream
Lard

What is the structural role of lipids

For storage

Gives heat insulation and protection to organs

What is the metabolic role of lipids

Respiration - (long term) release of energy

What are the elements in proteins

``` C = carbon H = hydrogen O = oxygen N = nitrogen Sometimes - P = phosphorus S = sulfur ```

What is the structural of proteins

Made of amino acids Protein is more than 200 amino acids Fibrous - strong, no folding e.g. keratin in nails and hair Globular - folding, rounded e.g. myosin (muscles)

What is a peptide

less than 20 amino acids

What is a polypeptides

More than 20 peptides

What is protein

More than 200 amino acids

Name 4 sources of proteins

Meat Eggs Nuts Beans

What is the structural role of protein

Keratin in skin, hair, nails | Myosin in muscles

What is the metabolic role of protein

Used as enzymes Antibiotics Some hormones (Catabolic)

What do hormones do

Regulate body reactions

Name 2 vitamins studied

Vitamin C | Vitamin D

What elements are present in vitamins

They are carbon based | Not made by the body

What is the structure of vitamin c

Ascorbic acid (water soluble)

What is the structure of vitamin D

Calciferol (fat soluble)

What are sources of vitamin D

Dairy products Egg yolk Fish liver oils Sunlight is needed

What are sources of vitamin C

Citrus fruits | Green vegetables

What is the cellular structure of vitamin c

Builds connective tissue e.g. skin

What is the structural role of vitamin D

Absorbs calcium from food e.g. needed for teeth and bones

What deficiency does lack of vitamin c cause

Scurvy - bleeding gums

What deficiency does lack of vitamin d cause

In a child rickets | In adults osteomalica

What three ways are minerals used

Form part of rigid body structure Form soft tissues in the body Function in cellular and body fluid

What are the 2 minerals in plants, where do they get them from and what are they used for

Calcium - salt absorbed from soil, helps bind cell walls together Magnesium - salt absorbed from soil, part of structure of chlorophyll

Name 2 minerals in animal, where do they get them and what are they used for

Calcium - milk, cheese, hard drinking water, forms bones and teeth Iron - liver, meat, green vegetables, part of structure of haemoglobin

What does water account for

99% of all molecules in the body 60%-65% of body mass 90% of mass of plants

What are the three main reasons for water

Where all metabolic reaction takes place Basis for transport Environment in which many organisms live

name 5 examples of reasons for water and describe

Component of cytoplasm and body fluids - most common chemical in cells (cytoplasm) Good solvent - dissolves a wide range of molecules (allows chemical reactions in cytoplasm and organelles) ( transports some of these molecules) Participated in chemical reactions - Photosynthesis + respiration Movement through membranes - osmosis (cells become swollen or shriveled) Good absorber of heat - slow to heat up and slow to cool down (oceans have relatively stable temperatures) (organisms can keep temperatures stable)

What does ECF stand for

Extra Cellular body fluid