Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology (LC) > Chapter 33: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 33: The Nervous System Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does the nervous system allow for?

A

A rapid response to stimuli in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment that triggers a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two nervous systems called?

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the cns involve?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the pns involve?

A

Nerves outside the cns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the four processes in response to a stimulus?

A

Reception
Transmission
Integration
Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is reception?

A

Detecting the stimulus using sense organs and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is transmission?

A

Message carries to and from the cns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is integration?

A

Message sorted, processed and response decided in cns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is response?

A

Effectors stimulated by neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Nerve cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Carry information as electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three types of neuron?

A 
Sensory neuron (afferent) 
Motor neuron (efferent) 
Interneuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does a sensory neuron do?

A

Takes messages from receptors to cns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does motor neuron do?

A

Takes messages from cns to effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does an interneuron do?

A

Takes messages between sensory and motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Fibres that carry impulses towards the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do axons do?

A

Carry impulse way from cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does a Schwann cell do?

A

Make myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

Membrane that insulates the electrical impulses

Speeds up the transmission of neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a cell body?

A

Contains nucleus and organelles

Forms dendrites, axons, neurotransmitter chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a cell body do?

A

Received impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can you distinguish between the motor neuron and sensory neuron?

A

Motor neuron - cell body is at the top

Sensory neuron - cell body is in the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a neurotransmitter swelling?
Swelling at the end of axon that releases chemicals that carry impulses from one nerve to the next
26
What is the gap between axons called?
Node of ranvier
27
What is a nerve impulse?
Movement of ions from dendrites to axon to neurotransmitter swellings
28
What is an ion?
A charge particle
29
What is a threshold?
Minimum stimulus needed for an impulse to carry
30
What is the all or nothing law?
Threshold reached, an impulse is carried | Threshold not reached an impulse is not carried
31
What is a refractory period?
Delay between impulses
32
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
Vesicles in the swellings
33
What is a ganglion?
Group of cell bodies located outside the cns
34
What is a nerve fiber?
Many axons or dendrites combined
35
How does an impulse travel once is gets to the synapse?
An impulse cannot cross the synapse so chemicals are released called neurotransmitters. They diffuse across the synaptic cleft and combine with receptors on dendrites of the following neuron. Impulse then carried by that neuron
36
What happens when myelin is present around the neuron?
The impulse jumps from one node of ranvier to another - travels very fast If no myelin, impulse must travel along entire length of neuron - slow movement
37
How does an impulse travel?
When threshold is met: Axon changes permeability to ions Allows transmission of impulse As one section changes permeability the next follows (domino effect) Once impulse jumps to next section the previous section returns or original state
38
What is a synapse?
Region where two neurons come into close contact
39
What is a synaptic cleft?
Tiny gap between the two neurons at synapse
40
What chemical is a neurotransmitter made of?
Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine Noradrenalin
41
How is a neurotransmitter activated?
Impulse stimulates neurotransmitter swelling in presynaptic neuron to release chemical
42
Where are neurotransmitter made?
Some made in cell body, most made in neurotransmitter swelling
43
How is a neurotransmitter inactivated?
Neurotransmitter is activated, then it diffuses across synaptic cleft, then it combines with receptors on post synaptic neuron - broken down by enzymes Digested neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into swellings They are recycled and reused
44
What are the four function of synapse?
1. Transmit impulse 2. Control direction of impulse - neurotransmitter swellings found on only one side of synaptic cleft, act as a valve 3. Prevent overstimulation of effectors 4. Impulse blocked by certain chemicals in drugs
45
What is grey matter made of?
Cell bodies | Dendrites
46
What is white matter made of?
Nerve fibres | Axons
47
What protects the brain?
Bone | Meninges
48
What is the meninges?
Three layer membrane around brain with cerebrospinal fluid
49
What is the function of the meninges?
Acts as a shock absorber on the brain
50
What is the cerebrum?
Makes up 75% of brain | Two halves left side and right
51
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
``` Controls voluntary movements Received impulses from sense organs Thinkings Intelligence Emotions Personality ```
52
What does he right hemisphere of the brain control?
Left side of body | Responsible for art, music, emotions
53
What does left hemisphere of the brain control?
Right side of body | Language, hand use, maths, logic
54
Where are the two matters in the cerebrum?
grey matter is outside | White matter is inside
55
What is the cerebellum?
Second largest part of brain Controls muscular coordination and balance Response are involuntary
56
What does the medulla oblongata do?
Connects spinal cord to brain | Controls breathing, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing
57
What does the pituitary gland do?
Produces hormones
58
What does the thalamus do?
Sorts impulses
59
What does the hypothalamus do?
Responsible for the internal environment of the body Temperature Appetite Blood pressure
60
What does the dorsal root do?
Carries sensory nerve axons into the spinal cord
61
What does the ventral root do?
Carries motor nerve axons away from the spinal cord
62
Where are cell bodies found?
Cns | Dorsal root ganglion
63
In the spinal cord where are the two types of matter?
White matter is outside | grey matter is inside
64
Name a disease?
Parkinson’s disease
65
Name a cause of that disease?
Failure to produce neurotransmitters
66
What are the results of that disease?
Inability to control muscle contraction
67
What are the symptoms of that disease?
Trembling of limbs | Inability to move properly
68
What is the prevention of that disease?
None
69
What is the treatment of that disease?
Physiotherapy
70
What is a reflex action?
An involuntary, automatic response to a stimulus
71
Give an example of a reflex action?
Blinking
72
What is the reason for a reflex action?
Protects the body
73
What is a reflex arc?
Pathway taken by an impulse in a reflex action
74
What are the 5 steps in a withdrawal reflex?
1. Receptors on finger are stimulated by flame 2. Sensory neurons carry impulse into spinal cord through dorsal root 3. Impulse splits - one goes to interneuron onto motor neuron - other goes to the brain 4. Motor neuron takes the impulse straight out of the spine (ventral root) to the effector, causes a reflex 5. Impulse reaches brain but we don’t notice straight away and then we feel pain

Biology (LC) (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions