Chapter 36 - The Skeleton And Muscles

Question 1

What controls the skeletal and muscles system?

Answer 1

Nervous system

Question 2

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 2

Framework - support
Shape - tall
Protection - skull protects the brain etc
Movement - rigid levers that the muscles can pull
Manufacture of blood cells - bone marrow makes blood components

Question 3

How many bones are in an adult body?

Answer 3

206

Question 4

What are the names of the two parts of the skeleton?

Answer 4

Axial skeleton - skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

Appendicular skeleton - everything else

Question 5

How many bones are in the skull?

Answer 5

22 bones fused together

Question 6

How many vertabrae are in the spine?

Answer 6

33

Question 7

What is the function of the vertebrae?

Answer 7

To protect and surround the nerves of the spinal cord

Question 8

What is between the vertebrae?

Answer 8

Pad of fluid enclosed by cartilage called a disc

Question 9

What is the function of the discs between vertabrae?

Answer 9

Shock absorbers and protect against the vertabrae from rubbing again each other

Question 10

What are the five regions of the spine?

Answer 10

Cervical (neck) - 7
Thoracic (chest) - 12
Lumbar (small of back) - 5
Sacrum (hip) - 5 fused together 
Coccyx (tail) - 4 fused together

Question 11

What are the three types of ribs?

Answer 11

True ribs - 7 pairs - attached to sternum
False ribs - 3 pairs - attached to rib above
Floating ribs - 2 pairs - attached to nothing

Question 12

What is the pectoral girdle?

Answer 12

Contains collarbone and shoulder blade (clavicle and scapulae)

Question 13

What is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 13

Contains hip bones which is attached to sacrum, pelvis,
2 halves (3 pieces each) joined by cartilage
Fused to spine

Question 14

What bones are in the arm?

Answer 14

Numerous, radius, ulna, carpels (wrist), metacarpals (hand), phalanges (fingers)

Question 15

What are the bones in the legs?

Answer 15

Femur, patella (knee), tibia (shin), fibula, tarsals (ankles), metatarsals (foot), phalange (toes)

Question 16

What is compact bone made from?

Answer 16

Osteoblasts

Question 17

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 17

Bone cells enclosed in a matrix

Question 18

What do osteoblasts consist of?

Answer 18

70% inorganic salts (phosphate, calcium)

30% organic material (collagen)

Question 19

Where is bone marrow?

Answer 19

Medullary cavity

Question 20

What types of bone marrow are there?

Answer 20

Red - active in making blood cells

Yellow - inactive and contains numerous fat storage cells

Question 21

What is spongy bone?

Answer 21

Consists of a mixture of compact bone with pockets of bone marrow
Gives strength and rigidity to bones without making them too heavy

Question 22

What is cartilage?

Answer 22

A flexible material that consists of protein fibers embedded in a matrix. Protects the ends of bones and acts as a shock absorber

Question 23

What is a periosteum?

Answer 23

Surrounding membrane of a long bone

Consists of blood vessels and nerves

Question 24

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

Answer 24

Lacks blood supply and nerves, relies on diffusion

Question 25

What is a joint?

Answer 25

Where two or more bones meet

Question 26

What are three categories of joints?

Answer 26

Immovable - don’t move e.g. pelvic girdle Slightly moveable - move a little e.g. vertabrae Freely moveable - moveable e.g. synovial joints

Question 27

What is synovial fluid?

Answer 27

Lubricates and reduces friction between bones. End of bone covered by cartilage.

Question 28

What is a ligament?

Answer 28

Connect bone to bone Strong, fibrous, slightly elastic More flexible when warm

Question 29

What is a tendon?

Answer 29

Connect muscle to bone Strong, flexible, inelastic fibres Composed of collagen

Question 30

What are the two types of joints?

Answer 30

Hinge joints e.g. elbow | Ball and socket joint e.g. shoulder

Question 31

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 31

Allows movement in one direction only | Supports heavy loads

Question 32

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 32

Allows movement in all directions

Question 33

Name a musculoskeletal disorder

Answer 33

Arthritis - painful disorder where there is inflammation in joints Results in swelling, pain

Question 34

What are the two types of arthritis?

Answer 34

Osteoarthritis - occurs from 50 years onwards, cartilage in synovial joints worn down Rheumatoid arthritis - most severe form, genetic, immune system turns on itself, synovial membranes attacked and then swelling occurs

Question 35

How to prevent arthritis?

Answer 35

Reduce damage to joints by use of proper footwear, exercise on soft ground

Question 36

How to treat arthritis?

Answer 36

No cure | Reduce pain by rest, weight loss, anti inflammatory medications, replace joint

Question 37

What are muscles made of?

Answer 37

Protein

Question 38

What are the three types of muscles?

Answer 38

Involuntary (smooth) - located in intestines, bladder, involuntary control, slow to tire Cardiac muscle - located in heart, contracts quickly and doesn’t tire, involuntary Voluntary (skeletal or striped) - muscle that causes body movements, contracts quickly but tires easily

Question 39

What is an antagonistic pair of muscles?

Answer 39

Two muscle work together that have opposite effects | One muscle is needed to move another muscle.

Question 40

Give an example of an antagonist pair of muscles?

Answer 40

Upper arm: tricep contracts to lower forarm | Biceps contracts to raise forarm

Question 41

What is embryonic cartilage?

Answer 41

Replaced with bone 8th week in uterus

Question 42

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 42

Produce collagen

Question 43

What is a calcium phosphate?

Answer 43

Surrounds collagen fibres | Makes a hard material

Question 44

How do bones grow?

Answer 44

Growth plate causes cartilage to form and ossify

Question 45

Where is the growth plate?

Answer 45

Between epiphysis and diaphysis

Question 46

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 46

Loss of protein from bone, bone becomes brittle

Question 47

How do bones develop?

Answer 47

Osteoblasts form compact bone around external surface Osteoclasts break down bone on internal surface around medullary cavity These two processes at the same time increase diameter of bone

Question 48

What 3 factors affect bone development?

Answer 48

Stress on bones causes osteoblast stimulation Hormone levels - puberty Calcium in diet

Question 49

What is parathormone?

Answer 49

Removes calcium from bone into blood - essential for muscles and nerves.