Chapter 9 - Enzymes

Question 1

What is a catalyst

Answer 1

A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up

Question 2

What is an enzyme

Answer 2

A protein that speeds up a reaction without being used up - biological catalyst

Question 3

What is a protein

Answer 3

A sequence of amino acids

Question 4

Describe the type of protein enzymes are

Answer 4

Globular

They’re 3D, folded

Question 5

What determines the function of an enzyme

Answer 5

The shape and sequence

3D shape means that it will fit neatly and react only with a substance of the shape that matches it

Question 6

What is a substrate

Answer 6

A substance in which an enzyme reacts

Question 7

What is a product

Answer 7

Substance which an enzyme forms

Question 8

Describe proteins

Answer 8

3D shape - means it fits with a specific substrate- the place in which the substrate fits is called the active site
Reactions are reversible - enzymes can be catabolic and anabolic

Question 9

How is an enzymes named

Answer 9

By adding “ase” at the end of the substrate

Question 10

What is an active site

Answer 10

The site that a substrate fits into on an enzyme

Question 11

What is the role of a catabolic enzymes

Answer 11

Amylase converts starch into maltose
Amylase is made in salivary glands and pancreas
Seeds release amylase when germinating

Question 12

What is the role of anabolic enzymes

Answer 12

DNA polymerase forms and repairs dna
Enzymes that control photosynthesis
DNA ligase joins two pieces of dna together

Question 13

What effects enzyme activity

Answer 13

Temperature

Ph

Question 14

What is a denatured enzyme

Answer 14

An enzyme that has lost its shape and can no longer carry out their function

Question 15

What is the usually the optimum ph for enzymes

Answer 15

7

Question 16

What is the exception to the optimum ph of an enzyme being 7

Answer 16

Pepsin has an optimum ph of 2

Question 17

Discuss enzymes in relation to temperature

Answer 17

At 0 degrees Celsius the cell freezes
As temperature increase so does the rate of reaction - substrate and enzymes bump into each other because they move around faster

Question 18

What is the ideal temperature for human enzymes

Answer 18

37 degrees Celsius

Question 19

What is the ideal temperature for plant enzymes

Answer 19

20 - 30 degrees Celsius

Question 20

What is bioprocessing give examples

Answer 20

The use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product

Alcohol, foodstuffs, drugs, antibiotics

Question 21

What is a bioreactor

Answer 21

A vessel where biological reactions take place

Question 22

What is immobilization

Answer 22

Enzymes are attached to each other or another inert materials

Question 23

What does inert mean

Answer 23

Non reactants

Question 24

Name the three types of physical immobilization

Answer 24

Adsorption
Membrane enclosed
Trapped in a gel - sodium alginate

Question 25

What is adsorption in relation to physical immobilization

Answer 25

Physically attaching an enzyme to inactive supports such as glass beads

Question 26

Name the two types of chemical immobilization

Answer 26

Bonded to a support | Bonded to each other

Question 27

What are the advantages of immobilization

Answer 27

``` Enzymes Can be reused Product can be purified Stable Cheaper Efficient ```

Question 28

Name 3 uses of immobilized enzymes

Answer 28

Soft drink companies - use to immobilize glucose isomerase to convert glucose to fructose Penicillin acylase - used to alter structure of penicillin to make new antibiotics and reduce costs Lactase - immobilized to convert lactose into sweeter sugars ( glucose / galactose ) replaces condensed milk in food stuff.

Question 29

What is cellular energy?

Answer 29

Energy stored in the bonds of bio molecules

Question 30

What is enzyme inhibition

Answer 30

Inhibitors are molecules that prevent an enzyme from working. They do this by blocking the active site of an enzyme