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Biology (LC) > Chapter 39: Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 39: Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual - mitosis , one parent , identical offspring

Sexual - meiosis , two parents , variation

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2
Q

What is the male part of the flower?

A

Stamen

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3
Q

What are the parts of the stamen?

A

Anther

Filament

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4
Q

What is the function of the anther?

A

Produces pollen

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5
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

Holds anther in place, has vascular bundles

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6
Q

What is the female part of the flower?

A

Carpel

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7
Q

What are the parts of carpel?

A

Stigma
Style
Ovary

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8
Q

What is the function of stigma?

A

Where the pollen lands

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9
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

Pollen travels down

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10
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Contains ovules, formation of the female gamete

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11
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species

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12
Q

What are the two types of pollination?

A

Self pollination

Cross pollination

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13
Q

What is self pollination?

A

Self fertilization

Seeds are less sturdy and vigorous

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14
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Cross fertilisation - one plant fertilizes another

Seeds are more varied and vigorous

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15
Q

What are the two methods of pollination?

A

Animal

Wind

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16
Q

What are wind pollination adaptations?

A

Petals: small, not colored
Anthers: outside petal
Stigmas: large feathery and outside petals
Pollen: large numbers, light, dry and small
E.g. rye grass

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17
Q

What are the adaptations of animal pollination?

A 
Petals: brightly coloured, scented with nectar
Anthers: inside petals
Stigmas: sticky, inside petals
Pollen: small amounts, sticky
E.g. daisy
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18
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The union of the male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote

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19
Q

What is double fertilisation?

A

One sperm nucleus (n) fuses with an egg nucleus (n) to form a zygote (2n)
Then
The second sperm (n) fuses with the 2 polar nuclei (n) to form a endosperm (3n)

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20
Q

How is a seed formed?

A

The fertilised ovule becomes the seed
The zygote grows by mitosis - becomes embryo
Endosperm divides by mitosis - expands and absorbs nucellus - becomes food source

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21
Q

What is the function of the endosperm?

A

Food source

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22
Q

What are the parts of an embryo?

A

Radicle
Plumule
Cotyledon

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23
Q

What is the radicle?

A

Future roots

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24
Q

What is the plumule?

A

Future shoots

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25
What is the cotyledon?
Stores food, used for germination
26
What are the two types of seeds?
Non endospermic | Endospermic
27
What is the difference between endospermic and non endospermic seeds?
Non endospermic - no endosperm because it is absorbed by cotyledon e.g. broad bean Endospermic - endosperm present, it’s only partially absorbed by cotyledon e.g. maize
28
What is the difference between monocots and dicots?
Monocots - single cotyledon, long leaf, parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, flowers in groups of 3, food stored in endosperm Dicots - two cotyledons, broad lead, network of veins, ring of vascular bundles, flowers in multiples of 5, food stored in cotyledons
29
Describe the formation of fruit.
Ovary becomes fruit when seed develops | Wall of ovary become wall of fruit - pericarp
30
What is the pericarp?
Wall of fruit
31
What are fruits designed for?
Protection of seed | Help in seed dispersal
32
What is a false fruit?
A fruit that develop from other parts of the flower - not the ovary
33
How are seedless fruits made?
Parthenocarpy- fruit develops without egg being fertilised
34
How does fruit form?
Genetically - naturally or by special breeding e.g. bananas Growth regulars - large concentration of auxins (ethene) e.g. grapes
35
What auxin ripens fruit?
Ethene
36
What is dispersal?
Transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant
37
What are the advantages of dispersal?
Avoids competition Increases chances of survival Finds new areas for growth Increase number of species
38
What are the four types of dispersal?
Wind, Water, Animal, Self (explosive)
39
Describe wind dispersal.
Light seeds - little food supply | Uses wings or parachute devices e.g. dandelions, sycamore
40
Describe water dispersal.
Light, air filled fruits | Allows floatation e.g. coconuts
41
Describe animal dispersal.
Carried long distances | Two adaptations- sticky fruits, cling to fur e.g. goose grass -edible fruits, seeds pass through digestion system
42
Describe self dispersal.
Explosive mechanism, pods that dry out and split open e.g. peas
43
What is dormancy?
The resting period when seeds no longer undergo growth and have reduced all activity
44
What brings about dormancy?
Growth inhibitors Testa impermeable by water Testa too tough to allow embryo to emerge Lack of growth regulator
45
What are the advantages of dormancy?
Plant avoids harsh conditions Embryo gets time to develop Allows time for seed to be dispersed Maximizes growth season
46
What is germination?
The regrowth of an embryo after a period of dormancy
47
What are the conditions needed for germination?
Water Oxygen Temperature Dormancy completed
48
What are the steps in germination?
1. Water is absorbed 2. Food reserves are digested 3. Food is moved to the embryo 4. Embryo starts to grow 5. Glucose turned to ATP 6. Radicle breaks through testa 7. Plumule emerges above ground
49
How is the male gamete formed?
Microspore divides by meiosis Produces 4 haploid cells - tetrad Tetrad breaks into 4 pollen grains
50
What is a microspore?
Original parent cell in male part of flower
51
What is tapetum?
Food store for male part of flower
52
How many chambers are in the anther?
4
53
What are the parts of a pollen grain?
Exine | Intine
54
What is exine?
Thick outer wall of pollen grain, allows for survival, distinctive pattern
55
What is intine?
Thin inner coat of pollen grain
56
How does pollen mature?
Haploid nucleus divides by mitosis Make generative nucleus And tube nucleus
57
What are the parts of the ovary?
``` Ovary has one or more ovules Two walls (integuments) with opening (microphyle) Nucellus - food source for embryo sac ```
58
How does an embryo sac develop?
``` Megaspore divides by meiosis Produces 4 haploid cells 3 degenerate 1 embryo sac Embryo sac divides by mitosis to make 8 haploid nuclei 5 die 2 become polar nuclei 1 egg cell ```
59
How does fertilisation occur?
Pollen releases 2 sperm nuclei and degenerate tube nucleus into pollen tube, one sperm fuses with egg cell - zygote, other sperm fuses with two polar nuclei - endosperm
60
What are the materials needed for the experiment to show digestion?
``` Broad beans Starch agar dishes Disinfectant Forceps Sharp blade Incubator Iodine ```
61
What are the 7 steps in the digestion experiment?
1. Soak broad beans 2. Sterilize all equipment including seeds 3. Boil half the seeds 4. Split the seeds down the center using a knife 5. Place the seeds face down into the agar. Boiled in one dish. Unboiled in the other. 6. Store Petri dishes in incubator for 2 days at 20° 7. Test both using iodine solution.
62
What are the results after an iodine test?
Starch turn blue black | Where there is no starch it is clear
63
What are the results of the digestion test?
Unboiled seed is negative for starch - it digested it | Boiled seed is positive for starch
64
What materials are needed for the experiment that investigates water, oxygen and temp effect on germination?
``` Broad beans Distilled water Anaerobic kit 4 Petri dishes Thermometers Fridge Cotton wool ```
65
In the oxygen, water, temperature test what should each Petri dish consist of?
1. Cotton wool, water, seeds, incubate, anaerobic producing chemical in an anaerobic jar 2. Cotton wool, water, seeds, fridge, has oxygen 3. Cotton wool, water, seeds, incubator, oxygen 4. Cotton wool, seeds, incubator, oxygen
66
What is the results of the water, oxygen temperature test?
The only seeds that germinated are the ones in the dish with cotton wool, water, oxygen, incubator Appearance of plumule and radicle

Biology (LC) (34 decks)

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