Chapter 7, Exam #2 Flashcards
(49 cards)
stimulus generalization
the tendency for a response learned to one specific stimulus to also occur for other, similar stimulus
response generalization
if a response of one type is blocked, then there is a tendency to make a similar response to the same stimulus
stimulus discrimination
when a response learned to one specific stimulus does not occur to other stimuli
response discrimination
learning not to make similar responses to the same stimulus
stimulus control
situations in which a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimulus
Discriminative stimuli (S+)-
any stimulus that signals whether a behavior will be reinforced or not reinforced
Excitatory gradient
in spence’s theory of generalization and discrimination, a generalized gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the S+ or CS+ and stimuli resembling them
Inhibitory gradient
in spence’s theory of generalization and discrimination, a gradient showing decreased tendency to respond to the S- or CS- and stimuli resembling them
Peak shift
the tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the S-
Basic transfer design
experiemental group-(learn task 1) (learn task 2) control group (rest) (learn task 2)q
positive transfer
experimental group performs better on task 2 than control group
Negative transfer
experimental group performs worse on task 2 than control group
Practice/Warm-up effects
we have to practice before we understand (Sc-Rd) non-specific
Learning to learn/Strategies-
earn by becoming familiar with how to do it (Sc-Rd) non-specific
Stimulus generalization ex
flirt with people with red hair/ flirt with people with auburn hair
response generalization ex
punch a classmate to kick a classamate
stimulus discrimination ex
go at a green light, stop at a red light
response discrimination ex
shifting gear, discriminating between a bad and good golf swing
What are the essential elements of Pavlov’s Brain Theory of discrimination?
The reinforced stimulus (S+) creates an area of excitation in the brain that produces a response (R). The non-reinforced stimulus (S-) creates an area of inhibition in the brain that inhibits responding and produces non responding (NR). - Theory of the brain» - New stimuli that are similar to S+ excites areas in the brain close to the area for the S+ and produce the response. - New stimuli that are similar to S- inhibit areas in the brain close to the area for the S- and fail to produce a response
What are the essential elements of Spence’s Gradient Theory of discrimination?
S+ creates a gradient of excitation (green), S- creates a gradient of inhibition (red). The tendency to respond to a new stimulus reflects the net difference between excitation and inhibition. - Theory of behavior
How does Spence’s Gradient Theory of discrimination differ from the Lashley-Wade theory?
The excitatory and inhibitory gradients depend on the prior experience of the learner
how does a researcher know when positive transfer has occurred
when the experimental group performs better than the control
how does a researcher know when negative transfer has occurred
when control group performs better that experimental
In a transfer task, what do the letters A-B stand for when applied to the first task? What do the letters C-D refer to when applied to the second task
This means the stimuli in the two tasks are not the same and the responses are not the same
