Chapter 4, Exam #2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 4, Exam #2 Deck (57)
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1
Q

operant (emitted) behavior

A

behavior that operate on the environment, producing consequences. is controllable by the individual (pavlova dog if it came when it called it would receive a treat)

2
Q

trial and error/success

A

in pavlonian conditioning, a test trial is the procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus on some occasions without the unconditioned stimulus to see if learning has occurred (ringing bell without food to see if salivates)

3
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting stimulus (food)

4
Q

positive reinforcer

A

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens that response

5
Q

primary reinforcer

A

naturally or innately reinforcing stimuli (food water sex)

6
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

reinforcers that are dependent on their association with other reinforcers (praise, recognition, money)

7
Q

generalized reinforcer

A

secondary reinforcers that have been paired with a wide variety of primary reinforcers (money, praise)

8
Q

successive approximation

A

is a series of rewards that provide positive reinforcement for behavior changes that are successive steps towards the final desired behavior

9
Q

acquisition

A

gradual increase in responding when reinforcing stimulus follows the behavior (toilet training, pet tricks)

10
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, following a rest period

11
Q

primary drives

A

reinforcers that appeal to an animals direct physiological needs like hunger, thirst, sex, or shelter

12
Q

drive

A

motivational force, tension from unfulfilled needs

13
Q

escape conditioning

A

a type of negative reinforcement in which the animal tries to escape the noxious stimuli by performing the desired behavior after the noxious stimuli has been introduced

14
Q

reflexive behavior

A

autonomic, involuntary responses to stimuli

15
Q

law of effect

A

tany behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.

16
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

17
Q

negative reinforcer

A

any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

18
Q

superstitious behavior

A

a form of acquisition where any increase in strength of behavior that is due to coincidental reinforcement, we may not be conscious of behavior

19
Q

chaining

A

performing behaviors in a sequence

20
Q

forward chaining

A

training first to last

21
Q

backward chaining

A

training last to first

22
Q

extinction

A

a procedure in which he reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued. also may be used to describe the process by which a previously learned behavior disappears as a result of non-reinforcement

23
Q

resurgence

A

return of a behavior previously extinguished following the extinction of another behavior, its not always a return to primary behavior

24
Q

secondary drives

A

reinforcers that gain their rewarding properties by being associated with primary reinforcers ( money is associated with buying food thus is a reward; food is associated with hunger)

25
Q

avoidance conditioning

A

training of an organism to withdraw from an unpleasant stimulus before it starts

26
Q

sequence of events that leads to reinforcement or punishment

A

basic UCS-UCR-CS-CR

27
Q

Why is classical conditioning termed S-S and operant conditioning termed S-R-S

A

classical conditioning is pairing 2 stimulus. operant conditioning is based upon stimulus and response

28
Q

positive reinforcement ex

A

give candy when child does chores, more likely to do chores

29
Q

negative reinforcement ex

A

remove hand from stove

30
Q

primary reinforcer ex

A

sex, food, water

31
Q

secondary reinforcer ex

A

praise, recognition, money

32
Q

positive punishment ex

A

scolding decreases fowl language use

33
Q

negative punishment ex

A

after getting in a fight with his sister over who gets to play with the new toy, the mother takes the toy away

34
Q

shaping ex

A

maria used shaping to help ally learn to feed her self independently, starting by using the spoon hand over hand, moving to touching the wrist, until ally could pick up the spoon on her own

35
Q

chaining ex

A

pilot learning hoe to land an air plain

36
Q

superstitious behavior ex

A

athletes rituals before a game

37
Q

extinction ex

A

you keep getting your dog to sit on command but you stop giving him treats so he stops listening

38
Q

spontaneous recovery ex

A

A dog responds to the command “lay down.” One day, he stops listening when told to lay down. Days later, he begins to lay down again.

39
Q

escape conditioning ex

A

you feel hot water in the shower, experience pain reaction, turn nozzle cold, remove hot water.

40
Q

avoidance conditioning

A

hear a toilet flush, turn nozzle cold in shower right away, effectively avoid the hot water

41
Q

effect on acquisition: amount of reward

A

bigger is better in terms of response speed and strength. More frequent small rewards are better than one big reward

42
Q

effect on acquisition: type of reward

A

reward preference has an impact on strength of response

43
Q

effect on acquisition: delay of reward

A

decrease speed and strength of response

44
Q

effect on acquisition: Conditioning somatic (voluntary) behavior versus autonomic (involuntary) behaviors

A

voluntary is much easier to condition than autonomic

45
Q

effect on acquisition: motivation level

A

really hungry animal learns faster than animal that isn’t hungry because they are more motivated for reward

46
Q

effect on acquisition: competing rewards

A

decrease effectiveness of a particular reward. (drug dealers rewards for selling drugs are competing with society’s reward for not selling drugs, making society’s conditioning slow and weak)

47
Q

effect on acquisition: reward contingency

A

I know its coming. Increase speed and strength of response, predictability is good. You will cut the lawn every week if you know you will get $20 rather than if you only sometimes get paid you will cut the grass less

48
Q

effect on acquisition: awareness of reward

A

not necessary for conditioning, but leads to faster conditioning. (if you know at work you are going to get a bonus when you finish a project, you might work to complete it faster)

49
Q

effect on extinction: extinction burst

A

behavior may get worse at first, but then eventually dies down

50
Q

effect on extinction: reinforcement variability

A

produces resistance to extinction

51
Q

effect on extinction: stimulus variability

A

produces resistance to extinction (extinguishing smoking habit)

52
Q

effect on extinction: response variability

A

produces resistance to extinction (extinguishing athletic skills)

53
Q

Hedonic theory

A

reinforcement strengthen behavior because it produces pleasure
problems: doesn’t adequately explain negative reinforcement and people have different ways to describe pleasure

54
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

theory says it reinforces anything that reinforces a drive (hunger, thirst, sex)
problems: reinforces do not reduce the drive, the motivation does not create states of tension, and some motivations include tension (exploration-drive) doesn’t work well in psychological states Doesn’t work in situations where drive reduction is highly unlikely

55
Q

relative value theory

A

which behavior is preferred over another, example: studying vs. getting drinks with friends? solution: study first, then go drink with friends. going to the bar acts as a reinforcement to study high value prior to the lower value
problems: how to explain some secondary reinforcers & how value is placed on something
Relative Value Theory is the best theory we have of how and why reinforcement works!

56
Q

two process theory

A

reduces the avoidance situation to an escape situation- we escape from the CS (hot water) Problems: when the CS is no longer unpleasant, the animals continue to respond with no signs of extinction.

57
Q

one process theory

A

Negative reinforcement maintains the escape behavior, and it maintains the avoidance behavior. The operant response that removes the hot water in escape conditioning also reduces the number of exposures and level of aversive stimulus. Problems: the best way to get an animal to stop avoiding situations that are no longer harmful is to prevent the behavior