Chem: Carbs Flashcards by Alyssa Newman

__ kcal/g

4 “fuel factor”

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glycogen is storage form of??

carbs incytosol

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Ketone?

multiple hydroxy groups

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energy storage ?

coenzymes, RNA, DNA

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Levoratory configuration of asymmetric carbon farthest from keto group

OH on the left

Levo=Left

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Dextrorotatory configuration of asymmetric carbon farthest from keto group

OH on the Right

Dextro=Right

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simple carb??

sugars with 1 or 2 single sugars

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complex carb??

many sugar units

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sorbitol is??

sugar alcohol from glu & converted into fru

found: berries, cherries, plums, pears
used: to make sweeteners- excess can cause diarrhea

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polysaccharides??

complex CHO’s made of many single sugar units

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oxidation means?

increasing positive charge or loss of negative charges

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reduction means??

additionof hydrogen

gain of electrons

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OIL RIG

oxidized is lost

reduced is gain

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prebiotic in vivo=

fructans

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10 grams = how many kcal?

40kcal

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what hormones raise blood glucose?

glucagon
EPI
glucocorticoids
thyroxine
GH

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catabolic pathways?

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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catabolic pathways depend on?

conc. of ATP, ADP, & AMP
- if ATP is high, then the pathways are low\
- if ATP is low then the pathways are activated

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CHO bonds are__?

glycosidic
alpha-digestible
beta-indigestible
straight chain-1-4
branched chain 1-6

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monosaccharides ex:

glucose; 6 carbons; Aldose; dextrose, corn syrup
Fructose; 6 carbons; Ketose; fruits, honey
Ribose; 5 carbons; Aldose; nucleic acids
Sorbitol; fruits, honey
Mannitol; pineapples, olives, sweet potatoes

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Disaccharides & oligosaccharide ex:

Maltose; alpha1-4; glu + glu
lactose; beta1-4; glu + gal
sucrose; a-b 1-2; glu + fru
trehalose; alpha 1-6; isomaltose; mushrooms, yeast

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polysaccharides ex:

cellulose; b1-4; fiber
amylose (linear); a1-4; plant starch
amylopectin; a1-4>a1-6; plant starch; branch every 24-30 glu
glycogen; a1-4>a1-6; animal strach; branch every 8-12 glu

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non-cellulose polysaccharides

abosrb water, swell, slow emptying of food mass
bind bile acids to chol.
sources: hemicelluose, pectins, gums, mucilages, algal (seaweed)

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ligin?

only non-carb type of dietary fiber (from woody part of plant)

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carbs are digested in?

mouth-ptyalin starch>dextrins>maltose none in stomach SI breaks down carbs using enzymes: sucrase, lactase, maltase etc.

most abundant GAG?

chondroitin

Glut 2=

liver, kidney, beta cells | transports are coupled with sodium

Glut 4=

adipose, skeletal, cardiac | sensitive to insulin

Glut 5=

fru absorption; brushborder

prtoeoglycan=

protein core, repeating disaccharide

SGLT 1= | SGLT 2=

glu & gal absorption in intestines | kidneys

carboxylation=

carboxyl group is added | carboxylase catlyzes the addition

kinase is?

enzyme that transfers a phosphate group

isomerase does?

changes the configuration but not the composition of a compound

mutase does?

moves one group to another part in the same chemical compound

transferase does?

catalyzes the transfer of a functional from one molecule to another

ligase?

catalyzes the joining of two molecules

VMAX refers to?

the maximum velocity of a reaction

Kmax ?

substrate conc required to reach 1/2 of the Vmax

competitive inhibition is?

inhibitor binds to the same active site as a normal enzyme w/o undergoing a reaction. reversible. Vmax will not change

non-competitive inhibition?

inhibitor always bind to a site other than the enzymes active site. is irreversible. reduces Vmax

allosteric regulation?

enzymes activity is regulated by binding an effector molecule at the enzymes allosteric site

allosteric activators?

effectors that enhance the proteins activity

allosteric inhibitors?

decrease protein activity

catabolism results in?

heat generation ATP synthesis it is a degradative process that breaks down large molecules into smaller units, releasing useful energy

Anabolism is?

biosynthetic process that constructs large molecules from smaller units- requires energy

peptide bond is?

covalent bond carboxyl reacts to amino group of another molecule releases a water molecule (dehydration or condensation reaction)

ester bond is the chemical covalent bond between ?

glycerol and FA

phosphodiester is?

chemical bond bwn two nucleotides

FA oxidation, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation occur in?

mitchondria

glycolysis, FA synthesis, HMP shunt & protein synthesis occur in?

cytoplasm

heme synthesis, urea & gluconeogensis occur in?

both mitochondria & cytoplasm

rate limiting step of: glycolysis

PFK** Most important**

rate limiting step of: gluconeogenesis`

fru 1,6 bisphospahtase

rate limiting step of: TCA cycle (krebs)

isocitrate dehydrogenase

rate limiting step of: glycogen synthesis

glycogen synthase

rate limiting step of: glycogenolysis

glycogen phosphorylase

rate limiting step of: HMP shunt

G6PD

rate limiting step of: urea cycle

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

rate limiting step of: FA synthesis

acetyl co-a carboxylase

rate limiting step of: FA oxidation

carnitine acyltransferase

rate limiting step of: chol. synthesis

HMG co-A reductase

GLUT 1=

RBC, brain, placenta, testis

GLUT 3=

neurons

4 possible fates of pyruvate

ocidation reduction carboxylation transamination

Krebs cycle has 8 steps:

``` Citrate Isocitrate Ketoglutarate Succinyl Co-A Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate "Can I keep Selling Sex For Money Officer?" ```

Glycolysis has 10 steps: | 2 phases

``` prep phase: 1. GLU>G6P 2. G6P>F6P 3. F6P>F1,6BP 4. F1,6BP>G3P & (DHAP) 5. DHAP>G3P Pay off Phase: 6. G3P> 1,3BP 7. 1,3BP> 3 phosphoglycerate 8. 3pg>2pg 9. 2pg> phosphoenolpyruvate 10. phosphoenolpyruvate>pyruvate ```

Gluconeogensis is?

glycolysis in reverse | Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose

what is produced in Krebs?

2 ATP 2 NADH+H= 6ATP 2Pyruvate to acetyl co-a= 6ATP Acetyl co-a to Oxaloacetate= 24ATP total: 38 ATP

purpose of pentose phopshate pathway (HMP shunt)

fatty acid synthesis detoxification protection from free radicals

Chem: Carbs Flashcards

(70 cards)