Phys: Renal

Question 1

what are the main functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

waste excretion
electrolyte balance
BP control
acid base balance

Question 2

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 2

the nephron

Question 3

explain the kidney:

Answer 3

it is an excretory organ with an ENDOCRINE fxn.
it has 2 parts:
Cortex
Medulla

Question 4

what are the 2 types of nephrons? how many nephrons in thebody?

Answer 4

Cortical- 80%
Juxta-medullary- 20%
nearly 1 million nephrons in the body. Cannot be regenerated.

Question 5

what makes up the nephron?

Answer 5

Glomerulus- enveloped in a double layer Bowmans capsule
Two convuluted tubules- proximal & distal
two parts of the Loop of henle- two parts a thick and thin ascending, and a thin descending

Question 6

what are the 2 hormones that are secreted by the kidney?

Answer 6

erythropoeitin

renin

Question 7

what hormones act on the kidney?

Answer 7

ADH
Aldosterone
ANP
1,25 dihydroxycalciferol
parathormone

Question 8

the kidneys function is dependent on?

Answer 8

blood flow

Question 9

how much does the kidney use of the cardiac out put?

Answer 9

20% (1 liter/min)

Question 10

how much of the renal blood flow is the renal PLASMA flow?

Answer 10

60% (600 mL/minute)

Question 11

course of blood flow in the kidney?

Answer 11

Renal art> interlobar> arcuate> interlobULAR> Afferent arteriole (in)> Glomerulus> Efferent arteriole (out)> peritubular cap.> Venules> interlobUlar vein> Arcuate vein> interlobar vein> renal vein> IVC

Question 12

urine flow?

Answer 12

collecting duct> Calyx> renal pelvis> Ureter> bladder> urethra

Question 13

how much do you filtrate a day?

Answer 13

180 L

Question 14

purpose of bowmans capsule?

Answer 14

filtration due to fenestrations
pressure is -18 mm Hg
it pushes water back into the capillary

Question 15

proximal tubule fxn?

Answer 15

reabsorption
100% of AA & glucose are filtered here
80% of bicarbonate & phoshate
60-70% of Na+ (exchanged for H+), Ca++, K+
50% H2O and urea

Question 16

podocytes are?

Answer 16

cells that form filtration membrane

Question 17

loop of henle fxn?

Answer 17

concentration

Question 18

vasa recta are?

Answer 18

thin-walled vessels, parallel loop of henle

Question 19

distal tubule does?

Answer 19

aldosterone works here to reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+

Question 20

reabsorption of filtrate in prox. tubule? distal tubule?

Answer 20

65% end of prox.

99% end of distal

Question 21

what is the normal GFR?

Answer 21

120-125 mL/min

determined by hydrostatic pressure

Question 22

what does hyrdostatic pressure?

Answer 22

pushes water out of the capillary (+60 mm Hg)

Question 23

what does oncotic pressure do?

Answer 23

pulls water back into capillary (-32 mm Hg)

Question 24

what is the renal threshold for glucose?

Answer 24

180 mg/dL- once reached glucose will pass through the urine

Question 25

what is the thin descending loop of henle permeable to?impermeable? purpose?

Answer 25

H2O impermeable: urea P: concentrate the urine

Question 26

what is the thick ascending part impermeable to? purpose?

Answer 26

H2O | it is the diluting segment of the loop

Question 27

what are juxtaglomerular cells for?

Answer 27

mechanoreceptors for BP entrance afferent arteiole

Question 28

what are macula densa for?

Answer 28

chemoreceptors for JG cells sensitive to Na+ conc. located in the DCT

Question 29

Aldosterone is from? purpose?

Answer 29

from Zona Glomerulosa absorbs Na+, excretes K+ results from RA system thus water

Question 30

renin is from? stimulated by?

Answer 30

JG apparatus | stim. by dec. in pressure in afferent arterioles

Question 31

erythropoeitin does?

Answer 31

RBC production

Question 32

why is the RAA system stimulated? explain

Answer 32

drop in BP Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone system Angiotensinogen- protein produced in liver Renin- enzyme made by JG cells Angiotensin I- travels in blood ACE- made in lungs (converts angio I into angio II) Angiotensin II- constricts BV (inc. BP), stimulates release of- Aldosterone- inc. bp by inc. Na+ reabsorption

Question 33

renin converts?

Answer 33

angitoensinogen> angintensin I

Question 34

ACE converts?

Answer 34

angiotensin I> angitensin II

Question 35

respiratory acidosis is? cause? compensate?

Answer 35

inc pCO2 & dec pH HYPOventilation: COPD & CHF renal: inc H+, inc HCO3-

Question 36

respiratory alkalosis is? cause? compensate?

Answer 36

dec. pCO2 & inc pH HYPERventilation renal: dec. H+, dec. HCO3-

Question 37

Metabolic acidosis is? cause? compensate?

Answer 37

dec. HCO3-, dec. pH diarrhea, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal dysfx, Aspirin overdose respiratory:Hyperventilation

Question 38

metabolic alkalosis is? cause? compensate?

Answer 38

inc. HCO3-, inc pH drugs, vomiting, diuretics: conns disease respiratory: hypoventilation

Question 39

what does ADH do?

Answer 39

increases water perm in the collecting ducts by acting on the aquaporins secreted by supra-optic nucleus in the hypothalamus

Question 40

what does ANP do?

Answer 40

decrease Na+ reabsorption in the DCT; results in increased urine ouput peptide hormone produced in the atrial myocardial fibers

Question 41

what does 1,25 dihydroxycarboxylase do?

Answer 41

acts on DCT by increasing Ca++ absorption | it is the active form of Vit. D

Question 42

what is the pH of the blood?

Answer 42

7.35-7.45

Question 43

what is volatile acid?

Answer 43

produced when CO2 reacts with h2O to form carbonic acid

Question 44

what are examples non-volatile acid?

Answer 44

``` lactic acid suulfuric acid phosphoric acid keto-acids-acetone acetoacetate hydroxybutrate ```

Question 45

what is the major buffer in the blood?

Answer 45

bicarbonate