Chem: Vitamins & minerals

Question 1

water soluble vitamins

Answer 1

B1,2,3,5,6,9,12
biotin
c
bioflavonoids

Question 2

fat soluble vitaminss

Answer 2

ADEK

Question 3

B1 active form; rxn; deficiency; notes

Answer 3

Thiamine
A: TPP thiamine pyrophosphate
R: oxidative decarboxylation
Def.: BERI BERI- paralysis
alcoholics- wernickes korsakoff
can have neurological, cerebral, & vascular manifestations
wheat germ, pork, oatmeal

Question 4

B2 active form; rxn; deficiency; notes

Answer 4

Riboflavin
A: FAD; FADH; FMN;FMNH
R: oxidative reduction & electron transfer rxn
D: cheilosis & angular stomatitis, blurred vision
magenta tongue, pallor
Beef, chicken, liver, eggs

Question 5

B3 active form, rxn, deficiency, notes

Answer 5

Niacin
A: NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH
R: ox. red., electron transfer, glycolysis
D: pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death (4D’s)
flush, itchy, will also be deficient in tryptophan
liver, tuna, oatmeal, salmon

Question 6

B5 active form, rxn, deficiency, notes

Answer 6

Pantothenic Acid
A: pantothenic acid
R: coenzyme A
D: rare, burning feet, malaise, abdominal pain
beef, chicken liver, sunflower seeds

Question 7

B6 active form, rxn, deficiency, notes

Answer 7

pyridoxine
A: pyridoxal phosphate
R: transamination & decarboxylation
D: convulsions in infants, dermatitis, loss of myelin
can be toxic, sensory ataxia
liver, oatmeal, banana, garbanzo

Question 8

B9 active form, rxn, deficiency, notes

Answer 8

folic acid
A: tetra hydro folate
R: methyl transfer
D: macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
prevents neural tube defects
chicken liver, spinach, lentils

Question 9

B12 active form, rxn, deficiency, notes

Answer 9

cyanocobalamin
A: deoxy-adenosyl cobalamin
R: methyl transfer, recycles folic acid,
D: vegetarians: Pernicious anemia
macrocytic anemia, combined systems disease (PLS)
needs IF to be absorbed
not found in plants

Question 10

Biotin active form, rxn, deficiency, notes

Answer 10

A: biotin
R: carboxylation
D: glossitis, dermatitis, avidin in eggs prevents Ab's
needed to make fats & carbos
cauliflower, peanuts, & cheese

Question 11

Vit C active form, rxn, deficiency, notes

Answer 11

A: reduced state
R: collagen synthesis & AOX
D: scurvy & bleeding gums
makes hydroxyproline- collagen synthesis
citrus, fruits

Question 12

Bioflavanoids

Answer 12

vitamin C reduced

white part of fruit

Question 13

Vit A active form, deficiency, notes

Answer 13

retinol (from beta carotene)
A: retin
D: night blindness, dry cornea, ulcerations (xeropthalmia), skin sores, everything feels dry
helps with vision in rod cells of retina & mucous membranes
toxicity: headaches, peeling skin
beef & chicken liver, carrots, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe

Question 14

Vit D active form, deficiency, notes

Answer 14

Cholecalciferol
A: sun>skin ; liver & kidneys; 1,25 diOH cholecalciferol
D: rickets; Osteomalacia
absorbs calcium from the gut
toxicity: anorexia, renal failure

Question 15

Vit E active form, deficiency, notes

Answer 15

tocopherol
A: stored in adipose, liver, & muscle
requires bile salts & fat for absorption
D: possibly hemolytic anemia, MD, sterility, CV problems
AOX with selenium
Toxicity: interferes with enzymes

Question 16

Vit K active form, deficiency, notes

Answer 16

Quinone
A: synthesized by large intestine bacteria, requires bile salts & fat for absorption
Stored in LIver & spleen
D: clotting disorders
makes prothrombin in the liver
toxicity: kernicterus, neural

Question 17

Calcium fxn?

Answer 17

9-11 mg % in bondy
F: component of bone
muscle contraction
nerve regulation

Question 18

Ca++ regulated by?

Answer 18

vit D. in th egut
calcitonin in the blood> bone
PTH in bone> blood

Question 19

Ca++ deficiency? Toxicity?

Answer 19

rickets; osteomalacia; osteoporosis, may lead to tetany

Tox: dec muscle tone, calcium deposits in soft tissue, renal failure

Question 20

Phopsphorus fxn, regulated by, def., tox?

Answer 20

F: component of bones, ATP, nucleic acids
R: kidney
D: rickets, osteomalacia, renal dysfunction
T: may lead to bone loss

Question 21

Sodium fxn, regulated by, def., tox.?

Answer 21

F: h2o distribution, osmosis, AP, bicarbonate
R: aldosterone
D: hyponatremia, confusion, coma
T: HTN

Question 22

Potassium Fxn, Regulated by, Def., Tox?

Answer 22

F: nerve and muscle AP
R: aldosterone
D: caused by diuretics, muscle weakness
T: cardiac arrest

Question 23

Chlorine fxn, def.?

Answer 23

acid base balance

secondary to vomitting

Question 24

magnesium fxn, def, tox?

Answer 24

F: component of bone, cofactor for kinase, needed for glucose breakdown
D: diabetes, HTN, inc chol, spasms BV
T: poisoning-miners, neuro symptoms- like parkinsosns

Question 25

Chromium fxn, metabolism, def.?

Answer 25

F: glucose transport M: helps bind insulin to cell D: impaired glucose tolerance

Question 26

Cobalt fxn, def.?

Answer 26

F: constituent of B12 D: macrocytic (pernicous) anemia

Question 27

Copper fxn, metab, def?

Answer 27

F: part of cytochrome A oxidase M: transported by albumin; melanin formation D: menkes syndrome(hereditary die infancy)

Question 28

iodine fxn, metab, def?

Answer 28

F: part of thyroxine M: stored as thyroglobulin D: cretinism, goiter, myxedema

Question 29

Iron fxn, metab, def?

Answer 29

F: part of heme enzymes M: transported as Transferrin; Stored as Ferritin D: hypochromic microcytic anemia

Question 30

manganese fxn, metab, def?

Answer 30

F: cofactor for decarboxylase M: hemoglobin, forms urea, growth, reproduction D: ligamentous healing

Question 31

selenium fxn, metab, def?

Answer 31

F: cofactor for glutathione peroxidase M: synergistic with vit E D: cardiomyopathy; Tox: hair/nail loss

Question 32

Zinc fxn, tox, def?

Answer 32

F: cofactors for carbonic anhydrase toxicity- metal fume fever- neuro damage D: impaired wound healing

Question 33

Fluorine fxn, tox, def?

Answer 33

F: increases hardness of teeth Tox: causes mottled teeth D: dental caries